Student exploration genetic engineering

These students used phrases such as “A gene is a trait” or “A trait is inside a gene” to connect the two concepts; 41% (n = 62) of the students formed a gene → trait–type concept connection by indicating a causal relationship between the two (e.g., “A gene determines a trait”); 31% (n = 48) of the students did not form any ...

Student exploration genetic engineering. Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) What are some things that can damage a farmer’s ...

Genetic engineering examples include taking the gene that programs poison in the tail of a scorpion, and combining it with a cabbage. These genetically modified cabbages kill caterpillers because they produce scorpion poison (insecticide) in their sap. Potatoes have been engineered to resist pests by producing a chemical coded for by a frog ...

Student Exploration: Senses Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and ... Genetic Engineering SE-2. Science 100% (7) 21. Microbe mission-Scioly. Science 100% (5) 2. Microbe Mission Cheat Sheet. Science 84% (19) 1. Answers Chemistry Counting Atoms IN Compounds Worksheet #7.0.1 Page 2.Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1.2019 Name: Date: Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. What are some things that can damage a farmer's crops?Module 12 - Unit Activity - Genetic Engineering Gizmo Student Exploration Worksheets. Prior Knowledge Questions [class discussion] What are some things that can damage a farmer's crops? What can farmers do to protect their crops? Gizmo Warm-up [class discussion] Many farmers use chemical herbicides to kill weeds and insecticides to kill ...Student Exploration: Mouse Genetics (One Trait) - Answer. AI Homework Help. Expert Help. Study Resources. Log in Join. Student Exploration- Mouse Genetics One Trait - Answer Key.docx. Doc Preview. Pages 3. Identified Q&As 38. Solutions available. Total views 100+ Denver Senior High School. HIST. HIST 1111. Gizmos2019a. 6/14/2019.Genetic manipulation, also called genetic engineering, refers to the alteration of the genes of an organism. It involves manually adding new DNA to an organism to add new traits. G...students in genetic engineering and biotechnology. He suggested use of materials of European Biotechnology Initiative in biotechnology education for students around 16 year's age. Semenderoğlu and Aydın (2014) investigated the misconceptions in biotechnology and genetic engineering using 5E model of teaching.

Limiting Diversity. If genetic engineering becomes a reality, it will likely only be available to the richest members of society. They’ll be able to extend their lives, limit diseases, and make sure their children are always healthy when they’re born. When this happens, natural selection is completely obsolete.Genetic Engineering. Use genetic engineering techniques to create corn plants resistant to insect pests or tolerant of herbicides. Identify useful genes from bacteria, insert the desired gene into a corn plant, and then compare the modified plant to a control plant in a lab setting. 5 Minute Preview. Use for 5 minutes a day.Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1. What are some things that can damage a farmer’s ...Students also viewed. Genetic Engineering Gizmo Assessment. 5 terms. evelyn_pham_ Preview. GMOs and the Environment. 25 terms. Dajean2003. Preview. Biology. Teacher ... are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering, or GE. cisgenic. genes from related species ...Student Exploration: Cell Division. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: cell division, centriole, centromere, chromatid, chromatin, chromosome, cytokinesis, DNA, interphase, mitosis. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

Student Exploration: Microevolution. Vocabulary: allele, cystic fibrosis, deleterious, dominant allele, fitness, genotype, heterozygote superiority, heterozygous, homozygous, incompletely dominant, ... Introduction: Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by a recessive allele. Individuals with one copy of this allele are healthy, but ...Q i need the gizmo called student exploration natural selection is 4 pages long please answer Answered over 90d ago Q 1.Discuss why students should take a course in Social Issues in Technology.Students also viewed. Gizmo Key Terms: Building DNA. Teacher 20 terms. hughesjamesdk1. ... Preview. Building DNA Gizmo. 27 terms. Kaylalonglegs_23. Preview. Student Exploration RNA and Protein Synthesis. 33 terms. Hazel_McEachern. Preview. protein synthesis review. 22 terms. marisa_newcomer ... AP Bio Flow of Genetic Material . 16 terms ...Introduction to Genetic Engineering as my go-to textbook. It is not one of those overly thick textbooks that overwhelm students. Its comprehensiveness captures readers attention with succinct fundamental concepts that truly promote one s interest in exploring the wonder of many genetic engineering techniques and applications.

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Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering Many farmers use chemical herbicides to kill weeds and insecticides to kill insects. Using genetic engineering, scientists have developed ways to resist harmful crop pests. In the Genetic Engineering Gizmo, you will use genetic engineering techniques to create genetically modified corn. Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription ...Share free summaries, lecture notes, exam prep and more!!Student Exploration: Fast Plants ® 1 - Growth and Genetics. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Note to teachers and students: The Fast Plants® Gizmo was created in collaboration with the Wisconsin Fast Plants Program of the University of Wisconsin-Madison.Student Exploration Genetic Engineering Downloaded from shopifyapp.starkedge.com by guest SKINNER MATA Technologies in the Era of Singularity Individual Unfold Mentorship is a catalyst capable of unleashing one's potential for discovery, curiosity, and participation in STEMM and subsequently improving the training environment in which that ...Genetic Engineering: Journey of a Gene is a standards-aligned, 5-E life science unit that adapts the Journey of a Gene online learning modules created by Dr. Don Lee for the high school biology classroom. ... Throughout this unit, students will explore the process of creating genetically engineered organisms and examine their real world ...

Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription ...Genetic engineering quiz for 6th grade students. Find other quizzes for Biology and more on Quizizz for free!Research Topics. The Center for Genetic Medicine's faculty members represent 33 departments or programs across three Northwestern University schools and three Feinberg-affiliated healthcare institutions. Faculty use genetics and molecular genetic approaches to understand biological processes for a diverse range of practical and clinical ...When it comes to pursuing a career in engineering, choosing the right college is crucial. Engineering is a highly competitive field, and attending a top-notch institution can make ...Introduction to Genetic Engineering as my go-to textbook. It is not one of those overly thick textbooks that overwhelm students. Its comprehensiveness captures readers attention with succinct fundamental concepts that truly promote one s interest in exploring the wonder of many genetic engineering techniques and applications.Genetic engineering is different from traditional breeding in that it allows for the direct manipulation of genes, rather than relying on the natural process of selection. This means that it is possible to create plants and animals with specific characteristics that would be impossible to achieve through natural selection.As genomics becomes embedded into healthcare, public genomic health literacy is critical to support decision-making for personal and family health decisions and enable citizens to engage with related social issues. School science education has the potential to establish the foundations of genetic and genomic literacy. The concept of literacy extends beyond conceptual understanding of ...Gizmo Warm-up Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half as many chromosomes as the parent cell. These daughter cells mature into gametes , or sex cells. In the Meiosis Gizmo, you will learn the steps in meiosis and experiment to produce customized sex cells and offspring.Abstract. Genetic engineering of animals has been proposed to address societal problems, but public acceptance of the use of this technology is unclear. Previous work has shown that the source of information proposing the technology (e.g. companies, universities), the term used to describe the technology (e.g. genome editing, genetic ...

The following is a list of objectives for the unit: 1. The student will know and un- derstand the topics of genetic en-. gineering and biotechnology. 2. The student will be able to iden- tifv the different topics and is- sues within the field of genetic engineering; specifically, genetic.

Are you an engineering student looking for innovative project ideas? Look no further than the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) project ideas. The Internet o...Genetic Engineering Using a Pglo Plasmid. The objective of this experiment is to understand the process and importance of the genetic transformation of bacteria in real time with the aid of extrachromosomal DNA, alternatively referred to as plasmids. Managing Diabetes Through Genetic Engineering.Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. …Student Exploration: Muscles and Bones. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. ... Genetic Engineering SE-2. Science 100% (7) 21. Microbe mission-Scioly. Science 100% (5) 2. Microbe Mission Cheat Sheet. Science 84% (19) 1. Answers Chemistry Counting Atoms IN Compounds Worksheet #7.0.1 Page 2.View Gizmos-Genetic Engineering.pdf from CHEMISTRY HONORS1 at Eastside High School. Name: Eric Bran Date: 4/22/21 Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering Directions: Follow the instructions to goMSc in Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (by Research) PhD in Molecular Biology. For that, students must have Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematics 10+2 or high school diploma. Besides, to study abroad, students must have a valid GRE score, proof of English-language proficiency through IELTS or TOEFL, SOP, and LOR s.Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) What are some things that can damage a farmer’s ...Genetic engineering, also called gene editing or genetic modification, is the process of altering an organism's DNA in order to change a trait. This can mean changing a single base pair, adding or deleting a single gene, or changing an even larger strand of DNA. Using genetic engineering, genes from one organism can be added to the genome of a ...

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World Diabetes Day is November 14. Science Buddies has a robust collection of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) projects and resources that guide and encourage students to experiment with science related to diabetes. From projects about measuring glucose in foods to using Arduino to create a model artificial pancreas ...Genetic engineering has come a long way since its inception, with continuous advancements shaping the field and its potential applications. Key milestones, such as the discovery of restriction enzymes, gene targeting techniques, and the development of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, have driven progress in manipulating DNA for various purposes.Autodesk is a leading software company that specializes in creating innovative tools for industries such as architecture, engineering, construction, and manufacturing. With a wide ...Enhanced Document Preview: Name: Date: Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering Important Note: Modified for NCVPS Biology Vocabulary: genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, transformation Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) 1.Gizmo Warm-up A virus is a microscopic particle that can infect a cell. Viruses are primarily composed of a protein coat, called a capsid, and nucleic acid.In the Virus Lytic Cycle Gizmo™, you will learn how a virus infects a cell and uses the cell to produce more viruses.. Viruses are extremely small. A typical virus is about 100 times smaller than a single cell, such as a bacterium. They can use a pesticide protectant. Gizmo Warm-up Many farmers use chemical herbicides to kill weeds and insecticides to kill insects. Using genetic engineering, scientists have developed ways to resist harmful crop pests. In the Genetic Engineering Gizmo, you will use genetic engineering techniques to create genetically modified corn. View Cindy Nguyen - GIZMO_ Genetic Engineering.pdf from BIOL MISC at Golden West College. Name: Cindy Nguyen Date: 03/23/21 Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering Prior Knowledge Questions (Do4. Choose: The resistance gene that was chosen in step 2 was attached to the promoter chosen in step 3, and the new DNA was inserted into five calluses.A callus is a group of cells that will incorporate the new gene into their genome and grow into a mature corn plant. In each genome, genes are shown as green bars. Each gene contains light green exons, or sections that code for proteins, and ...In the Genetic Engineering Gizmo, you will use genetic engineering techniques to create genetically modified corn. Check that Task 1 is selected. The Gizmo shows petri dishes that contain different strains of bacteria (white dots) and caterpillars (Lepidoptera sp. larvae). In the first challenge, your goal is to find bacteria that produce ...1. Introduction. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. As a component of proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids and plant growth regulators, this element is involved in many physiological and biochemical processes [].The double increase in the world grain production over four decades (1960-2000) was achieved due to a two-fold increase in grain yields owing to a ...Elon Musk says the deadline for Space X's Mars Mission may be as early as 2024. This raises big questions, both about how to survive the trip, and then inhabit a world hostile to humans. In his new book, The Next 500 Years: Engineering Life to Reach New Worlds, geneticist Christopher Mason says the biggest technical challenges could be met by ... ….

[Note to teachers and students: This lesson was designed as a follow-up to the Genetic Engineering lesson. Species Interactionspdf; Related documents.Plan on five students per group for the natural selection activity (Part 2) that requires the papers. For the mutation activity (Part 1), use groups of 10 or more students each. Make copies of the Mutation Telephone Worksheet. Move aside the classroom desks to create an open space to conduct the activities.Heredity is the passage of genetic information from parents to offspring. The rules of inheritance were discovered in the 19th century by Gregor Mendel. With the Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmo™, you will study how one trait, or feature, is inherited. 1. Drag two black mice into the Parent 1 and Parent 2 boxes.Genetic Engineering in Plants Explore the process of developing genetically engineered crops, from gene identification to crop transformation, plant testing, and regulatory approval. ... During his tenure at Carnegie, he mentored more than fifteen PhD students and approximately 40 post-doctoral fellows (many of whom have become very successful ...Student Exploration: GMOs and the Environment. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. [Note to teachers and students: This lesson was designed as a follow-up to the Genetic Engineering lesson. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] By manipulating the DNA of living organisms, scientists can create new traits, cure diseases, and even create entirely new organisms. In the Student Exploration Genetic Engineering activity, students will have the opportunity to explore this fascinating field and uncover the answers to key questions about genetic engineering. When it comes to pursuing a career in engineering, choosing the right college is crucial. With so many options available, it can be overwhelming to determine which institution is t...Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation ... In the Genetic Engineering Gizmo, you will use genetic engineering techniques to create genetically … Student exploration genetic engineering, Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering Many farmers use chemical herbicides to kill weeds and insecticides to kill insects. Using genetic engineering, scientists have developed ways to resist harmful crop pests. In the Genetic Engineering Gizmo, you will use genetic engineering techniques to create genetically modified corn. , Student Exploration: GMOs and the Environment. Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and prompts in the orange boxes. [Note to teachers and students: This lesson was designed as a follow-up to the Genetic Engineering lesson. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.], genetic engineering, the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism or population of organisms. The term genetic engineering is generally used to refer to methods of recombinant DNA technology, which emerged from basic research in …, Gizmo Warm-up Heredity is the passage of genetic information from parents to offspring. The rules of inheritance were discovered in the 19 th century by Gregor Mendel. With the Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmo™, you will study how one trait , or feature, is inherited., Research Topics. The Center for Genetic Medicine's faculty members represent 33 departments or programs across three Northwestern University schools and three Feinberg-affiliated healthcare institutions. Faculty use genetics and molecular genetic approaches to understand biological processes for a diverse range of practical and clinical ..., View GeneticEngineeringSE.pdf from SCIENCE 101 at Rossview High School. Name: Date: Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified, Genetic Engineering: Journey of a Gene is a standards-aligned, 5-E life science unit that adapts the Journey of a Gene online learning modules created by Dr. Don Lee for the high school biology classroom. ... Throughout this unit, students will explore the process of creating genetically engineered organisms and examine their real world ..., Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) What are some things that can damage a farmer’s ..., About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright ..., Exploring Early Steps in Crop Genetic Engineering You have learned that genetic engineering is the process of manually adding new DNA to an organism. The purpose of this process is to add one or more new traits that are not already found in that organism., Delve into the fascinating world of "Exploring Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering," a comprehensive guide that takes readers on an illuminating journey through the intricate blueprints and scientific marvels that define life at its most fundamental level.This book offers a clear and engaging exploration of the principles of molecular biology and genetic engineering, providing readers ..., Genetic engineers isolate genes in the specimen organism and use techniques such as gene splicing, gene deletion, gene insertion, and artificial gene synthesis. Requirements. A master's degree in genetics, bioengineering, molecular genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, biophysics, or biotechnology. Preferred: A Ph.D. in genetic engineering., The syllabus of the molecular genetics course included genetic engineering, alternative splicing, reverse genetics, transcriptional regulation, and epigenetics. During the interviews, students were asked to explain four genetic phenomena (the full descriptions of the four tasks are available in the Supplemental Material):, Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation. Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) What are some things that can damage a farmer’s ..., mRNA Translation. 22 terms. cflare034. Preview. BL2001 - TR Lec. 3 - Population Genetics 3 - A + B. 20 terms. Shelley_R. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Allele, DNA, dominant allele and more., Please enter a valid email address. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma, David Smith. DocMerit is super useful, because you study and make money at the same time! You even benefit from summaries made a couple of years ago. Liberty University. Mike T. Show All. GIZMOs, Genetic Engineering - Answer key …, Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) What are some things that can damage a farmer’s crops?, In each genome, genes are shown as green bars. Each gene contains light green exons, or sections that code for proteins, and medium green introns, which do not code for proteins. The dark green bars represent promoters and the red bars represent gene termination sites., Aerospace Engineering Bioengineering Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering Computer Science Electrical Engineering Industrial Engineering ... _____ Student Exploration: Chicken Genetics Vocabulary: allele, codominance, dominant, genotype, heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype, probability, Punnett square, recessive, trial …, In the Genetic Engineering Gizmo, you will use genetic engineering techniques to create genetically modified corn. Check that Task 1 is selected. The Gizmo shows petri dishes that contain different strains of bacteria (white dots) and caterpillars (Lepidoptera sp. larvae). In the first challenge, your goal is to find bacteria that produce toxins that kill the caterpillars., Use these worksheets to help students explore the debate around genetic engineering. They encourage students to research and the debate this issue, giving them an insight into religious views on the environment and nature. Twinkl Scotland (CfE) Conduit - Connecting Knowledge and Skills Conduit Science Biology Senior Phase N4 Biology ..., In the Genetic Engineering Gizmo, you will use genetic engineering techniques to create genetically modified corn. Check that Task 1 is selected. The Gizmo shows petri dishes that contain different strains of bacteria (white dots) and caterpillars (Lepidoptera sp. larvae). In the first challenge, your goal is to find bacteria that produce ..., Genetic Engineering quiz for 9th grade students. Find other quizzes for Biology and more on Quizizz for free! Skip to Content Enter code. Log in. Sign up. Enter code. Log in. Sign up. Build your own quiz ... Genetic Engineering. 9th - 12th. grade. Biology. 71% . accuracy. 3.1K . plays. Share. Greg Mitchell. 7 years. Worksheet Save Share. Copy ..., Student Exploration: Genetic Engineering. Vocabulary: callus, exon, genetic engineering, genetically modified organism, genome, green fluorescent protein (GFP), herbicide, insecticide, intron, promoter, transcription, transformation Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) What are some things that can damage a farmer's crops?, 11. 12. DNA Extraction. (In-person or Virtual) Extract DNA from cells and learn about genetic material. Modeling Electron Microscopy. (In-person) Use a model scanning probe microscope to identify the structure of a hidden material. Properties of Nano. (In-person or Virtual) Learn about the size, scale and properties of nanomaterials. Build a ..., Space exploration fires the imagination but presents many practical challenges—among them, how humans or organisms chosen to accompany us can survive harsh environments and time travel. Genetic ..., Excedr Scholarship for STEM Graduate Students Amount: $1,500 Due Date: December 01, 2024 The SMART Scholarship-for-Service Program Amount: $49,500 Due Date: December 01, 2024 National Space Club and Foundation Keynote Scholars Program Amount: $15,000 Due Date: December 04, 2024 1,000 Dreams Paliwal Club of 100 Scholarship Amount: $1,000, Genetic engineering, also called gene editing or genetic modification, is the process of altering an organism's DNA in order to change a trait. This can mean changing a single base pair, adding or deleting a single gene, or changing an even larger strand of DNA. Using genetic engineering, genes from one organism can be added to the genome of a ..., Gizmo Warm-up Heredity is the passage of genetic information from parents to offspring. The rules of inheritance were discovered in the 19 th century by Gregor Mendel. With the Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmo™, you will study how one trait, or feature, is inherited. 1. Drag two black mice into the Parent 1 and Parent 2 boxes., CRISPRs are regions in the bacterial genome that help defend against invading viruses. These regions are composed of short DNA repeats (black diamonds) and spacers (colored boxes). When a previously unseen virus infects a bacterium, a new spacer derived from the virus is incorporated amongst existing spacers. The CRISPR sequence …, When a crossover occurs, the entire portion of genetic material is swapped between the two homologous chromosomes, so gene C is swapped along with gene B and gene R is swapped along with gene L. C. Click Reset. Create a c B L r gamete. How many crossovers were needed? (Activity D continued on next page) Activity D (continued from previous page), Student Exploration: Mouse Genetics (Two Traits) Vocabulary: allele, genotype, phenotype, probability, Punnett square [Note to teachers and students: This Gizmo was designed as a follow-up to the Mouse Genetics (One Trait) Gizmo™. We recommend doing that activity before trying this one.] Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the ...