Parenting sense of competence scale

One of the most frequently used measures to assess general parenting self-esteem is the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) Scale, (Cooklin et al. 2012; …

Among the measures available to assess an individual's self-competence as a parent, the parenting sense of competence scale (PSOC; Johnston and Mash 1989) is the most widely used.The PSOC was introduced by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman as a measure of parenting that includes two dimensions: skill-knowledge (or efficacy) and value-comforting (or satisfaction) (Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman ...Background: The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) is a self-report measure of parenting efficacy and satisfaction that is widely used by researchers and clinicians in …10.1097/01.NNR.0000289499.99542.94. Women's sense of competence and satisfaction in the maternal role are essential for positive parenting practices and child development. Measures of maternal role competence and satisfaction are limited in the Chinese population. To translate the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale into Chinese (C-PSOC) and to ... The parenting sense of competence (PSOC) scale is commonly used to measure parenting self-efficacy in high-resource settings. This study sought to examine the factor structure, internal ...The objective was to adapt the Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) and analyse its psychometric properties in a sample of 600 mothers of children aged between 6 and 12 months old from Spain.

The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC; Johnston & Mash, 1989) is a self-report questionnaire that consists of 16 items, scored through a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (“strongly disagree”) to 6 (“strongly agree”).In earlier studies, higher perceived public stigma or affiliate stigma in parents of a child with mental health problems were found to be related to (1) child factors, such as more severe problem behavior of the child , (2) parental and family factors, such as a lower self-esteem , the sense of parenting competence , lower parental personal wellbeing …OBJECTIVES:: To translate the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale into Chinese (C-PSOC) and to examine the psychometric properties of the C-PSOC. METHODS:: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a convenience sample of 170 mothers recruited from a postnatal unit.The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC; Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978) is a 17-item scale developed to assess parenting self-esteem. The scale includes two rationally derived scales, Skill-Knowledge and Value-Comforting, referred to as Efficacy and Satisfaction.Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) Assessment Rating: A A – Psychometrics Well-Demonstrated See entire scale Developer(s): Jonathan Gibaud-Wallson & Lois P. Wandersman Description / Purpose: Target Population:Parents of children 0–17 Time to Administer:Varies Completed By:Self-report by parentsProvides information on the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) Scale, which measures parental competence on two levels: satisfaction (examines anxiety, …The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) is a self-reporting instrument that measures and assesses parent self-efficacy. The instrument, designed for parents with children birth-17 years of age, was originally developed by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman (1978) with skill knowledge and value competence subscales but has been translated and revised by Johnston and Marsh (1989) for use with ...

Objective: To explore the factorial structure of parenting sense of competence scale (PSOC) in a sample of Chinese parents whose child is 6-12 years old. Methods: The parenting sense of competence scale was translated in to Chinese, and a total of 887 parents of pupils were recruited for this study; half of the sample was used for exploratory factor analysis and the other half for confirmatory ...Gibaud-Wallston, J., & Wandersman, L.P. (1978). Development and utility of the Parenting Sense of Competence scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.assess parents’ assessment of their parenting ability is the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) Scale. However, there is limited psychometric evaluation of the …The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale is a commonly used measure of parent/caregiver self-efficacy and measures competence on two dimensions: Satisfaction (parent/caregiver anxiety, motivation and frustration) ONLY and Efficacy (parent/caregiver competence, capability levels, and problem-solving abilities in their parental/caregiver role).01-Sept-2023 ... The Parenting Sense of Competence scale: Evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue ...Parental sense of competence is also closely related to the construct of personal self-efficacy (de Haan, Prinzie, & Mothers’, Citation 2009) and parental self-efficacy. Expanding Baundura’s general conceptualisation of self-efficacy (Bandura, Citation 1977, Citation 1989, Citation 1982) to the specific case of parenting resulted in ...

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Mean Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) scores of participants in the intervention group before and after training were 61.32 ± 6.44 and 68.52 ± 2.52. Mean PSOC scores for those in the ...The objective was to adapt the Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) and analyse its psychometric properties in a sample of 600 mothers of children aged between 6 and 12 months old from Spain.The parenting sense of competence (PSOC) scale is commonly used to measure parenting self-efficacy in high-resource settings. This study sought to examine the factor structure, internal ...Parenting Sense of Competence. Parenting competence assessed the extent to which mothers felt a sense of self-efficacy in the parenting role (Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman 1978). The eight-item scale included items such as, “Being a parent is manageable and any problems are easily solved,” “If anyone can find the answer to what is ...Development and utility of the parenting sense of competence scale. Authors: Jonatha Gibaud-Wallston, Lois Pall Wandersmann, John F. Kennedy Center for Research on Education and Human Development, Demonstration and Research Center for Early Education. Print Book, English, 1978.

‘‘self-esteem in the parenting situation, with reference to the subject’s own infant’’ (Gibaud-Wallston 1977, p. 41). The original PSOC was modeled on Wagner and Morse’s Sense of Job Competence scale (1975), with the wording of items changed to be appropriate to parenting newborns (Gibaud-Wallston 1977). The PSOC scale consisted of 17The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale: Evidence of a Stable Factor Structure and Validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science‚ Vol 32(4)‚ 251-261. Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman‚ 1978; Johnston & Mash‚ 1989. Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. In: Simmons C. A.‚ Lehmann P. (eds). Tools for strengths-based assessment and ...Apr 19, 2022 · The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale Thai Version (PSOC), a validated questionnaire, consisted of 17 self-report and self-administered items assessing parent’s perception of their own ... Translation and validation of a chinese version of the parenting sense of competence scale in chinese mothers. Nursing Research,56(5), 348-354. Nunes, C., Jiménez, L., Menéndez, S., Ayala-Nunes, L., & Hidalgo, V. (2014). Psychometric properties of an adapted version of the parental sense of competence (PSOC) scale for portuguese at-risk parents.12-Apr-2022 ... The Pyramid Model for Supporting Social Emotional Competence in Infants and Young Children ... Parent-Child Interaction Scales Introduction.10.1097/01.NNR.0000289499.99542.94. Women's sense of competence and satisfaction in the maternal role are essential for positive parenting practices and child development. Measures of maternal role competence and satisfaction are limited in the Chinese population. To translate the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale into Chinese (C-PSOC) and to ...Among the measures available to assess an individual's self-competence as a parent, the parenting sense of competence scale (PSOC; Johnston and Mash 1989) is the most widely used.The PSOC was introduced by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman as a measure of parenting that includes two dimensions: skill-knowledge (or efficacy) and value-comforting (or satisfaction) (Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman ...This study is the development and validation of the Thai Parenting Sense of Competence scale (Thai PSOC scale) for assessing the parenting competence of Thai fathers. The Thai PSOC scale was revised from the PSOC scale developed by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman (1978). The scale consists of 17 items with 2 subscales: skill/knowledge (8 items ... PDF | In this study, 110 mothers and 110 fathers of 5- to 12-yr old boys and girls completed the Parenting Sense of Competence …The Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) is a self-report measure that aims to assesses one’s perceived efficacy and satisfaction with parenting. …

The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) is one of the most commonly used self-report instruments, allowing for parental self-efficacy measurement. Methods This paper summarizes the results ...

Seeds must be dispersed by plants so that offspring are not forced to compete with parent plants for resources. For gardeners and homeowners, it is important to disperse some seeds, such as grass seeds, uniformly to ensure that the resultin...Mar 2, 2012 · Parenting sense of competence was rated with the German version of the Parenting Sense of Competence scale (FKE). The results implied that the parenting sense of competence completely mediates the connection between perceived child behavior problems and situational expectations, as well as relational expectations towards the training. The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, Self-control Schedule, Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey, Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used to assess maternal role competence and satisfaction, learned resourcefulness, social support, stress, and depressive symptoms, respectively.21. Gilmore L and M Cuskelly 2008. Factor structure of the parenting sense of competence scale using a normative sample. Child: Care, Health and Development 35(1): 48-55. 22. Ngai FW, SWC Chan and E Holroyd 2007. Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the parenting sense of competence scale in Chinese mothers. Investigation of the factor structure of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) was conducted with an Australian sample of 849 mothers and 329 fathers. Two factors of Satisfaction and Efficacy were found that were largely consistent with previous research. In addition, a third factor reflecting interest in the parenting role emerged. The Satisfaction factor was strongly correlated with ... 13-Jun-2022 ... Part 1 of a 3-part series with Dr. Marzano and Empower Learning. The series focuses on proficiency scales in a competency-based system.Instruments vary in measurement of self-efficacy; the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) Scale assesses maternal feelings of competence (Karp, Lutenbacher, & Wallston, 2015), while the Infant Care Survey (ICS) measures confidence across three domains of parenting knowledge and skills (Froman & Owen, 1989).The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) is one of the most commonly used self-report measures of parenting competence, yet there exists limited work documenting its psychometric properties among ethnically and culturally diverse populations of parents. We evaluated the factor structure and validity of the PSOC (administered in English and Spanish) among a sample of low-income ...The parental competence scale demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. Therefore, this scale can be used for assessing parental competence in parents of ...

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Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the parenting sense of competence scale: Authors: Ngai, FW. Issue Date: 2010: Publisher: School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong. Citation: The 4th Hong Kong International Nursing Forum, School of Nursing, Hong Kong, 4-5 June 2010. How to Cite?Parenting Sense of Competence: the adapted Parenting Sense of Competence Scale focuses on the satisfaction scale (PSCS; Mowbray et al., 2005) and includes 11-items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from “Very dissatisfied” to “Very satisfied.” (e.g., “How satisfied are you with your ability to care for and protect your child?”).parenting difficulties one year later. However, to date, no measures of parenting skills have been psychometrically validated among post-9/11 veterans (Tables 1 and 2). Among the measures available to assess an individual’s self-competence as a parent, the parenting sense of com-petence scale (PSOC; Johnston and Mash 1989) is the most widely ...Apr 19, 2022 · The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale Thai Version (PSOC), a validated questionnaire, consisted of 17 self-report and self-administered items assessing parent’s perception of their own ... Background: The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale is a commonly used measure of parental self-efficacy. Previous investigations of the factor structure of this instrument have been unsatisfactory and there is no adequate normative group against which at-risk groups can be compared.The objective was to adapt the Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) and analyse its psychometric properties in a sample of 600 mothers of children aged ...May 16, 2022 · The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (Johnston and Mash, 1989) is a 16-point questionnaire measuring parents’ self-reported satisfaction and effectiveness in parenting. Good internal consistency (Wilson et al., 2014 ). Related resources include summaries, versions, measures (instruments), or other resources in which the current document plays a part. Research products funded by the Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation are related to their project records.Investigation of the factor structure of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) was conducted with an Australian sample of 849 mothers and 329 fathers. Two factors of Satisfaction and Efficacy were found that were largely consistent with previous research. In addition, a third factor reflecting interest in the parenting role emerged. The Satisfaction factor was strongly correlated with ...Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) 1. The problems of taking care of a [baby/child] are easy to solve once you know how your actions affect your [baby/child]‚ an understanding I have acquired. 2. Even though being a parent could be rewarding‚ I am frustrated now while my child is at his/her present age. 3.Parenting competence was assessed using the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) . The PSOC is a 17-item self-report measure with each item rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ‘strongly disagree’ to 6 ‘strongly agree’. The PSOC is further differentiated into two subscales: parenting efficacy and parenting …The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale is a 17-item instrument designed to measure personal competence in the parenting role as a function of both parenting satisfaction (i.e., valuing/comfort) and parenting self-efficacy (i.e., skills/knowledge) (Gibaud-Wallston 1978; Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman 1978). ….

Recently, the topic of parental burnout has gathered much attention and studies have begun to integrate the parenting and work domain. In this regard, this study aimed to explore the association between work-family enrichment and parental burnout, and the mediation effects of parenting sense of competence and parenting stress. Data were collected at three different time points and ...The Parental Sense of Competence scale (PSOC; Johnston & Mash, 1989), in its Hebrew version (Pagorek-Eshel & Dekel, 2015), was used to assess parental competence. This scale is a 16-item 6-point Likert-type scale that includes two dimensions: satisfaction and efficacy. Satisfaction includes the parent’s degree of frustration, anxiety, and ...Data were collected by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Postpartum Support Questionnaire (PSQ) and the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) at 8 weeks postpartum. One-way MANOVA was used to analyse the data. Results: Data from 63 adolescent mothers and 63 adult mothers were analysed.Parenting sense of competence was rated with the German version of the Parenting Sense of Competence scale (FKE). The results implied that the parenting sense of competence completely mediates the connection between perceived child behavior problems and situational expectations, as well as relational expectations towards the training.Interpreting the PSOC: Parenting Sense of Competence Scale The PSOC uses 16 questions to understand how capable a caregiver feels as a parent and how satisfied …Parental sense of competence was assessed with the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) (Ohan et al., 2000). The PSOC consists of 17-items and is designed for parents with children aged ...Using parental self-efficacy (or efficacy) and competence as an evaluation criteria for parents, carers and families. Parental self-efficacy (the belief that one will be able to perform parenting tasks successfully) has been shown to be a critical factor in parenting quality. As well, efficacious parenting beliefs are often associated with ... PMCID: PMC8768480. DOI: 10.5964/ejop.3771. Our study aims to examine the relationship of child's intellectual disability, parental education, employment and perceived stress with parenting sense of competence (satisfaction and self-efficacy). Three groups of parents (children without intellectual disability, children with mild intellectual d ….In this study, 110 mothers and 110 fathers of 5- to 12-yr old boys and girls completed the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale and measures of child behaviour, parenting style, and marital ... Parenting sense of competence scale, We obtained normative information for the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale from 297 mothers and 215 fathers of 4- to 9-year-old boys and girls. Principal-components analysis of the PSOC revealed two factors: Satisfaction, an affective dimension reflecting parenting frustration, anxiety, and motivation; and Efficacy, ..., These included the Being a Mother scale (BaM-13, Matthey 2011), the Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale (KPCS, Ĉrnčec et al. 2008), the Self-Efficacy for Parenting Tasks Indexes – Toddler Scale (SEPTI-TS, Van Rijen et al. 2014) and the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC, Johnston and Mash 1989). The authors of the paper …, Instruments vary in measurement of self-efficacy; the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) Scale assesses maternal feelings of competence (Karp, Lutenbacher, & Wallston, 2015), while the Infant Care Survey (ICS) measures confidence across three domains of parenting knowledge and skills (Froman & Owen, 1989)., Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) Assessment Rating: A A – Psychometrics Well-Demonstrated See entire scale Developer(s): Jonathan Gibaud-Wallson & Lois P. Wandersman Description / Purpose: Target Population:Parents of children 0–17 Time to Administer:Varies Completed By:Self-report by parents, The Intensive Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire (IPAQ; Liss et al., 2013) is designed to measure respondents' attitudes regarding intensive parenting and, more specifically, their intensive mothering (IM) ideologies as conceptualized in the qualitative research (e.g., Hays 1996; Wall 2010). The IPAQ consists of 25 items rated for agreement on a 6-point Likert scale. The psychometric properties ..., Oct 18, 2016 · Among the measures available to assess an individual’s self-competence as a parent, the parenting sense of competence scale (PSOC; Johnston and Mash 1989) is the most widely used. The PSOC was introduced by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman as a measure of parenting that includes two dimensions: skill-knowledge (or efficacy) and value-comforting ... , Among the measures available to assess an individual’s self-competence as a parent, the parenting sense of competence scale (PSOC; Johnston and Mash 1989) is the most widely used. The PSOC was introduced by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman as a measure of parenting that includes two dimensions: skill-knowledge (or efficacy) and value-comforting ..., Parents reported on their sense of parental competence using the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC; Johnston & Mash, 1989) at T2. ... In the present study, Cronbach's alpha for the overall scale was .81. Parenting styles. Parents' parenting styles was assessed at T3, ..., parenting difficulties one year later. However, to date, no measures of parenting skills have been psychometrically validated among post-9/11 veterans (Tables 1 and 2). Among the measures available to assess an individual’s self-competence as a parent, the parenting sense of com-petence scale (PSOC; Johnston and Mash 1989) is the most widely ..., Perceived Parenting Competence was measured with the How I Deal with Problems Regarding Care of My Baby (PPS) scale ... The parenting sense of competence scale: Evidence of a stable factor structure and validity. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 2000; 32 (4):251–261. doi: 10.1037/h0087122. [Google Scholar] Pridham K, Chang A. What ..., The Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC; Johnston & Mash, Citation 1989). This questionnaire consists of 16 items rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from ‘strongly agree’ (1) to ‘strongly disagree’ (6) with nine items measuring a satisfaction dimension (Cronbach’s alpha = .75) and seven items measuring an efficacy dimension ..., Data were collected from August 2016 to January 2017 and by using the socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire, parenting sense of competence scale, and maternal self-efficacy questionnaire. The statistical tests including Pearson correlation, Independent sample t-test, One-way ANOVA, and General linear model were used for data analysis., Feb 12, 2015 · One of the most frequently used measures to assess parents’ assessment of their parenting ability is the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) Scale. However, there is limited psychometric evaluation of the measure with samples of mothers of infants. This paper examines the psychometric properties of the PSOC in a heterogeneous sample of mothers of infants between the ages of 2 and 12 months ... , The Parental Sense of Competence scale (PSOC; Johnston & Mash, 1989), in its Hebrew version (Pagorek-Eshel & Dekel, 2015), was used to assess parental competence. This scale is a 16-item 6-point Likert-type scale that includes two dimensions: satisfaction and efficacy. Satisfaction includes the parent’s degree of frustration, anxiety, and ..., Parenting Sense of Competence Scale; Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. Share. Resource Type: Instruments. Author(s): Gibaud-Wallston Jonathan; Wandersman Lois. Date Issued: 1978 Source: In Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada. Topics: 10. Research ..., 21-Mar-2018 ... For the purpose of this research The Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC, Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman,. 1978, quoted in Johnston ..., The parenting sense of competence scale: Investigation of the factor structure, reliability and validity for an Australian sample. Australian Psychologist, 39(1): 88-96. 7. Sanders MR and ML Woolley 2005. The relationship between maternal self-efficacy and parenting practices : Implications for parent training. Child: Care, Health and ..., 252 Ohan, Leung, and Johnston personal efficacy or competence (e.g., Gecas & Schwalbe, 1983; Harter, 1985). Tafarodi and Swann (1995) have reported substantial empirical support for these value , The Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) is a self-report measure that aims to assesses one’s perceived efficacy and satisfaction with parenting., Primiparous women’s parenting sense of competence was assessed using the Parenting Sense of Competence scale. This scale, developed by Gibaud-Wallston, is a 17-item scale designed to measure maternal parenting self-esteem . This scale consists of two subscales: the Efficacy subscale with eight items is designed to measure maternal perceptions ..., The “Parenting Sense of Competence Scale” (PSOC) (Johnston & Mash, 1989) was used to assess parental self-efficacy. Interviews with three first time mothers were conducted to get elaborate information on how mothers experience the transition to parenthood. Results from the surveys show a general agreement among the respondents that ..., The total score ranges from 16 to 96, which higher scores indicate higher maternal competency levels. This scale has 2 subscales, namely knowledge/skill and ..., Change in Parental Sense of Competence (PSOC) from baseline to 4 and 12 months after baseline is the primary outcome measure concerning parents’ overall experiences of competence in their parenting role . The PSOC is a 16-item self-reporting questionnaire measuring parental competence on two dimensions: parental satisfaction and parental self ..., 21-Mar-2018 ... For the purpose of this research The Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC, Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman,. 1978, quoted in Johnston ..., The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale is a commonly used measure of parental self-efficacy. The PSOC is a 17-item questionnaire which measures overall parenting sense of competence and includes two sub-scales measuring parental satisfaction and parental self-efficacy. The PSOC was originally developed by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman ... , Investigation of the factor structure of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) was conducted with an Australian sample of 849 mothers and 329 fathers. Two factors of Satisfaction and Efficacy were found that were largely consistent with previous research. In addition, a third factor reflecting interest in the parenting role emerged. The Satisfaction factor was strongly correlated with ... , Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) 1. The problems of taking care of a [baby/child] are easy to solve once you know how your actions affect your [baby/child]‚ an understanding I have acquired. 2. Even though being a parent could be rewarding‚ I am frustrated now while my child is at his/her present age. 3. , This study is the development and validation of the Thai Parenting Sense of Competence scale (Thai PSOC scale) for assessing the parenting competence of Thai fathers. The Thai PSOC scale was revised from the PSOC scale developed by Gibaud-Wallston and Wandersman (1978). The scale consists of 17 items with 2 subscales: skill/knowledge (8 items ... , However, parenting competence has a far wider definition compared to parental self-efficacy. Thus, parenting competence cannot be judged by the mere assessment of parents’ self-efficacy, Therefore this study identified only three scales are available in this regards, namely Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, Sense of Competence Scale of the ..., DETERMINING INITIAL PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF PARENTING SENSE OF COMPETENCE SCALE IN THE CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH. NAFIZA FERDOWSHI, NIGER SULTANA. Abstract. The ..., Related resources include summaries, versions, measures (instruments), or other resources in which the current document plays a part. Research products funded by the Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation are related to their project records., Background: The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale is a commonly used measure of parental self-efficacy. Previous investigations of the factor structure of this instrument have been unsatisfactory and there is no adequate normative group against which at-risk groups can be compared., Investigation of the factor structure of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) was conducted with an Australian sample of 849 mothers and 329 fathers. Two factors of Satisfaction and Efficacy were found that were largely consistent with previous research. In addition, a third factor reflecting interest in the parenting role emerged.