Karl marx theory of alienation

Karl Marx, Ph.D. (University of Jena, 1841) was a social scientist who was a key contributor to the development of Communist theory. Marx was born in Trier, a city …

Karl marx theory of alienation. Selections 4 and 5 are seminal statements of the theory of alienation. It has been argued that this theory belongs to Marx's youth, and that it is absent from the mature economic writings. The passages excerpted from the Grundrisse in Selection 6 go against this view, as does the famous passage on commodity fetishism excerpted in Selection 7.

Alienation is among the most influential terms in Marxist theory, but also one of the most ambiguous and controversial. Unlike previous literature, which has tended to focus on Marx’ early philosophical writings, this offers a novel reinterpretation of the theory of alienation found in Marx’s later works.

World religions are a mixed bag of beliefs and superstitions. HowStuffWorks looks at how they are formed. Advertisement If, as Karl Marx suggested, religion is the "opium of the people," we live on a planet where nobody needs to walk too fa...709 likes, 2 comments - aqdas_bin_faisal on September 2, 2023: "Theory of Alienation x Dr Laal Khan x Karl Marx 鹿 #drlalkhan #dr #motivation #motivation #mot ...Marx's Theory of Alienation This dissertation is a critique of Marx's theory of alienation as described in the "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" with emphasis on how Marx constructed his definitions of man and consciousness. The main premise of the theory is Laurie Taylor discusses Karl Marx's theory of Alienation with Philosophy Professor, Sean Sayers, political economist, Ian Fraser, and Professor of Medical Ethics, Donna Dickenson.The theory of alienation occupies a significant place in the work of Marx and has long been considered one of his main contributions to the critique of bourgeois society. Many authors who have written on this concept over the 20 th century have erroneously based their interpretations on Marx’s early writings. In this anthology, by contrast ... In his attempts to redefine and reconfigure the concept of alienation as the central experience of capitalist subjects, Marx amplified it with the concepts of commodity fetishism and machine labor. In this amplification, the concept of alienation comes to define a world determined solely by economics. The illusions produced by capitalist making ...Body1: Marx's concept of Alienation in the context of the time he was writing. -The product of labour: The worker becomes alienated from the object he produces because it is owned and disposed of by capitalists owners to sell to the market. -The labour process: The lack of control the worker has over the process of production.

Marx possible, Marx's conception of alienation should be approached 'inversely': that is, beginning with its results at the level of circulation. The reason for this approach is that Smith's 'alienation', in spite of his - not very different from Marx's - re ferences to workers' 'stupefaction', is not based on a theory of theKarl Marx’s Theory of Alienation-Roudro Mukhopadhyay ABSTRACT Alienation is characterized as alienated labour. The alienated labour in Karl Marx's Manuscripts refers to forced and involuntary labour in which the worker finds no purpose, no pleasure or contentment, no needs fulfilment, no independence or power, no mental growth or physicalSince Marx, 'alienation' has undergone a lot of change of meaning, though it has become one of the important concepts in mainstream sociology, especially in the writings of the American sociologists of 50's and 60's. ... Relevence of Karl Marx Theory of Class Struggle: Political level: Policies have been formulated to avoid class ...In the video Karl Marx on Alienation Karl Marx has a very strong opposition to capitalism, “an economic system in which owners of private property compete in the marketplace in pursuit of profit” (Witt, 2016, p. 202). ... Marx’s theory of alienation is the process by which social organized productive powers are experienced as external or ...Karl Marx and Max Weber both agreed that capitalism generates alienation in modern societies, but the cause for it were both different. For Marx it is due to economic inequality in where the capitalist thinks that the workers worth nothing more than a source of labour, that can be employed and dismissed at will.Karl Marx’s main ideas are labor theory of value, class struggle, alienation and communism. He is the co-founder of Marxism and has published many books, the two most famous being “Das Kapital” and “The Communist Manifesto.”Aug 6, 2021 · Marx believed that alienation is perpetuated by the basic structures of the modern capitalist society. In the pre-capitalist world, blacksmiths were in control of their work (Rubin 7-55). They were able to determine their work schedules, the quality of their products, and their relationship with their colleagues. 21 Jun 2019 ... Alienation is a theoretical concept developed by Karl Marx that describes the isolating, dehumanizing, and disenchanting effects of working ...

Body1: Marx's concept of Alienation in the context of the time he was writing. -The product of labour: The worker becomes alienated from the object he produces because it is owned and disposed of by capitalists owners to sell to the market. -The labour process: The lack of control the worker has over the process of production.The labor theory of value is a major pillar of traditional Marxian economics, which is evident in Marx’s masterpiece, Capital (1867). The theory’s basic claim is simple: the value of a commodity can be objectively measured by the average number of labor hours required to produce that commodity. If a pair of shoes usually takes twice as long ...core of marxism,5 but as part of the bloodless theory of capitalist dynamics. Alienation, again, suggests itself as a more attractive candidate for that normative core. The form of alienation consisting in the estrangement of man from his essence fits particularly well under the "humanist" banner. But the Marx of the "humanists" and the Marx of theEight criticisms of Marx’s view of society are: The class structure today is more complex. Control of the economic base does not mean control of the superstructure. False consciousness is a problem concept in postmodern society. Marxism was a metanarrative. Writing in the 19th century Karl Marx saw society as clearly structured …“Karl Marx” main work on alienation is the 1844 manuscript, also known as Paris manuscripts. Alienation is the philosophical term, which was borrowed by Karl Marx from “Hegel” philosophy. However, Marx took it beyond the level of Hegel philosophy, he adopted it to serve his own aims. He adopted the term from philosophy and transformed […]

Kirk hinrich.

Alienation (This is young Marx, not the Marx who gave the theory of MoP, class, and class struggle)Alienation occurs when people are dissociated from their surrounding social environment. It implies a lack of integration and increased isolation.Abstract. For long, the feeling has been that Marx views man essentially in terms of his material interests. The publication of Economic and Philosophical …Marx's theory of alienation has to do with the separation of things that logically belong together. According to Marx, alienation is a universal result of capitalism. Marx's theory of alienation is based upon his observation that, within the capitalist mode of production, workers consistently lose determination of their lives and fates by being ...Karl Marx- Theory of Alienation. Introduction Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883), was a famous German economist and social philosopher of the 19th century. He was a brilliant agitator and polemicist, a profound economist, a great sociologist, an incomparable historian and a revolutionary who undertook a critical analysis of capitalist society, propounded …May 23, 2020 · Karl Marx’s theory of alienation was postulated in the nineteenth century which was characterized by the rise of capitalism. Industrialization had swept the developed world along with other phenomenon like urbanization, immigration, and capitalism. Marx argued that the capitalist system was based upon reinforcing the divisions of class. Strengths and Weaknesses of the Marxism Theory. Please note! This essay has been submitted by a student. A German philosopher, sociologist, economist, and journalist, born on May 5th, 1818, Karl Marx was one of the nine sons of a man named Heinrich Marx and a woman named Henriette Presburg Marx. Heinrich Marx who was a successful lawyer wanted ...

Rupert develops Marx’s ideas on alienation to argue how the relations between states as defined by the neorealist theory ‘presuppose relations of alienation in which “politics” assumes an identity distinct from “economics” and attains its own institutional form of expression’ (Rupert 1993, 67).Keywords: Alienation, Marxism, Marx, Lukacs,. Gramsci, Fromm, Haberma. Resumen. La alienación es uno de los conceptos importantes de la ciencia social que ha ...Karl Marx (German:; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, economist, political theorist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.His best-known works are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels) and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1894); the latter employs his theory of historical …KARL MARX: THEORY OF ALIENATION INTRODUCTION. The theory of alienation was first published in Karl Marx's early work "Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts" (1844), also known as "Paris Manuscripts." However, during his lifetime, the work remained unpublished, and it was only published for the first time in 1932.of society through unsocial,particular interests." Karl Marx ... and popular or commonsense forms. The dominance of this world view becomes apparent in the ...Marx developed his theory of alienation from Feuerbach’s philosophical critique of Christianity – Feuerbach argued that the concept of an all powerful God as a spiritual being to whom people must submit in order to reach salvation was a human construction, the projection of human power relations onto spiritual being. Christianity ...The theory of alienation occupies a significant place in the work of Marx and has long been considered one of his main contributions to the critique of bourgeois society. Many authors who have written on this concept over the 20 th century have erroneously based their interpretations on Marx’s early writings. In this anthology, by contrast ... Birth of Alienation Theory Developed by Karl Marx, the Theory of Alienation or ‘Entfremdung’ posits that capitalism has distorted the human relations that are not controlled by the participants themselves. This, in turn, leads to separation of things that belong to each other naturally, which then results in antagonism in things that are in ...Abstract. ‘Alienation and reification’ explores the concept of alienation and reification in Karl Marx's Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, and how this affected 20th century Western Marxism. Alienation is not a uniquely Marxist concept, but Marx defined it as an inability to grasp the workings of history and subject them to ...of society through unsocial,particular interests." Karl Marx ... and popular or commonsense forms. The dominance of this world view becomes apparent in the ...May 23, 2020 · Karl Marx’s theory of alienation was postulated in the nineteenth century which was characterized by the rise of capitalism. Industrialization had swept the developed world along with other phenomenon like urbanization, immigration, and capitalism. Marx argued that the capitalist system was based upon reinforcing the divisions of class. World religions are a mixed bag of beliefs and superstitions. HowStuffWorks looks at how they are formed. Advertisement If, as Karl Marx suggested, religion is the "opium of the people," we live on a planet where nobody needs to walk too fa...

March 1 – Marx’s Theory of Alienation. The alienation of labour that takes place specifically in capitalist society is sometimes mistakenly described as four distinct types or forms of alienation. It is, on the contrary, a single total reality that can be analyzed from a number of different points of view.

Marxism & Alienation. Alienation is the transformation of people’s own labour into a power which rules them as if by a kind of natural or supra-human law. The origin of alienation is commodity fetishism – the belief that inanimate things (commodities) have human powers (i.e., value) able to govern the activity of human beings. Alienation is not a uniquely Marxist concept, but Marx defined it as an inability to grasp the workings of history and subject them to human control. In the ...In Marx’s views, it is the final type of alienation which is known as alienation from fellow humans. Theory of Alienation in The Contemporary World Alienation at work was depicted by Marx in the 1840s, yet keeps on being significant today. The Industrial Revolution constrained individuals into unfulfilling processing plant occupations that ...Marx's theory of alienation; its task is to stimulate discussion about some of the questions which necessarily arise in connection with Marx's theory of alienation. I think that so far there has not been very much serious dis- cussion among Marxists about the problem of alienation. Marx’s theory offers us an indispensable method of understanding how the production process shapes the whole of society. There are two areas of activity which are particularly controversial in relation to alienation. This first is the place of intellectual, or mental labour, and creativity in alienated production.UPSC SOCIOLOGY – Paper 1 – SOCIOLOGICAL THINKERS – Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle. This concept is explored in ‘Contribution to the Critic of Political Economy 1859. It is a conception of society in terms of evolution from one state to another, which Marx refers to as Modes […]Karl Marx: Alienation. The Marxian concept of alienation ( Entäußerung ) or estrangement ( Entfremdung) is one of the most discussed notions in the history of modern social and political theory. There is a long history of the term before Marx, from the giusnaturalistic and contractualist tradition to its role played in the work of Hegel and ...Karl Marx's Theory Of Alienation In The Contemporary World 1600 Words | 7 Pages. The fact that they created another class who are the beneficiaries of their labour, further divides them. In Marx’s views, it is the final type of alienation which is …This is not a theory which exists in a void. Commodity fetishism is central to Marx’s account of alienation and hence to his ethical critique of capitalist society, as well as to his structural theory of the functioning of capitalism. It is, according to Marx, the most universal expression of capitalism.

Loving you is really all that on my mind lyrics.

Athleta khaki pants.

UPSC SOCIOLOGY – Paper 1 – SOCIOLOGICAL THINKERS – Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle. This concept is explored in ‘Contribution to the Critic of Political Economy 1859. It is a conception of society in terms of evolution from one state to another, which Marx refers to as Modes […]“Karl Marx” main work on alienation is the 1844 manuscript, also known as Paris manuscripts. Alienation is the philosophical term, which was borrowed by Karl Marx from “Hegel” philosophy. However, Marx took it beyond the level of Hegel philosophy, he adopted it to serve his own aims. He adopted the term from philosophy and transformed […]Karl Marx’s theory of alienation was postulated in the nineteenth century which was characterized by the rise of capitalism. Industrialization had swept the developed world along with other phenomenon like urbanization, immigration, and capitalism. Marx argued that the capitalist system was based upon reinforcing the divisions of class.Marx's theory of alienation is of great importance to contemporary political developments, due both to the re-emergence of anti-capitalist struggle in Zapatismo, 21st …709 likes, 2 comments - aqdas_bin_faisal on September 2, 2023: "Theory of Alienation x Dr Laal Khan x Karl Marx 鹿 #drlalkhan #dr #motivation #motivation #mot ...Self-estrangement is the idea conceived by Karl Marx in Marx's theory of alienation and Melvin Seeman in his five logically distinct psychological states that encompasses …The alienated labour in Karl Marx's Manuscripts refers to forced and involuntary labour in which the worker finds no purpose, no pleasure or contentment, no needs fulfilment, no independence or ... How does Marx’s theory of alienation and the discussion above fair with this recent interest in Kierkegaard and Heidegger’s views on anxiety as the basis of fear and ontological insecurity in ... Re-reading Sociology via the Emotions: Karl Marx’s Theory of Human Nature and Estrangement.” Sociological Perspectives, 55, no. 2 ...One of the most original contributions of Marx is his Theory of Alienation. This is contained in his early work –Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts –which was written in 1843. …Eight criticisms of Marx’s view of society are: The class structure today is more complex. Control of the economic base does not mean control of the superstructure. False consciousness is a problem concept in postmodern society. Marxism was a metanarrative. Writing in the 19th century Karl Marx saw society as clearly structured …This problem has been solved! You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Based on the Adam Smith readings in this module, would Adam Smith have agreed with Karl Marx's theory of alienation of labor? Explain why or why not. Edit View Insert Format Tools Table 12pt v Paragraph : ….

Jan 1, 2018 · Although the word ‘alienation’ is commonly used to express an idea of, perhaps, resentful dislocation, within social theory its central use is to be found in the early writings of Karl Marx (1818–83), and especially his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, also known as the Paris Manuscripts, of 1844. 1339 Words3 Pages. Marx and Freud The source of alienation and discontent has been argued by many people, two major people being Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx. Marx believed that the source of man’s alienation came from society, specifically the economy and state. Freud argued that discontentment came from a more personal place, on more …Since the 19th century, when Karl Marx presented the theory of commodity fetishism, ... (See: Entfremdung, Marx's theory of alienation) Semiotic sign. Jean Baudrillard applied commodity fetishism to explain the subjective feelings of men and women towards consumer goods in the "realm of circulation"; that is, the cultural mystique ...When was Karl Marx’s theory of alienation postulated? Conclusion Karl Marx’s theory of alienation was postulated in the nineteenth century which was characterized by the rise of capitalism. Industrialization had swept the developed world along with other phenomenon like urbanization, immigration, and capitalism.Alienation of the worker from other workers. We have come a long way since 1844 as we have transformed on how we work, the amount of time we spend at work, where we work and how we are being ...Karl Marx’s theory of alienation was postulated in the nineteenth century which was characterized by the rise of capitalism. Industrialization had swept the developed world along with other phenomenon like urbanization, immigration, and capitalism. Marx argued that the capitalist system was based upon reinforcing the divisions of class.March 1 – Marx’s Theory of Alienation. The alienation of labour that takes place specifically in capitalist society is sometimes mistakenly described as four distinct types or forms of alienation. It is, on the contrary, a single total reality that can be analyzed from a number of different points of view. The main difference between anomie and alienation is that anomie is the disintegration of normal ethics or social standards, while alienation is the estrangement or detachment from some essential aspect of their nature or from society.. In sociology, anomie and alienation are two inter-related concepts. The sociologist, Émile Durkheim …While the word is seldom used in our vocabulary to express our discontent and concerns with society, for the young Karl Marx, it appropriately addressed many of ... Karl marx theory of alienation, In the realm of sociological thought, Karl Marx's theory of alienation stands as a profound critique of capitalist society. This intricate concept, referred to as 'Karl Marx Alienation,' exposes the underlying disconnect between individuals and their work, products, fellow humans, and even their own selves under capitalism., Marxism, a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political program.There is also Marxism as it has been understood and practiced by the various …, KARL MARX 1 Structure r 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Life and Times 15.2.1 Beginning of an Ititellectual Jour~ley 15.3 Theory of Alienation 15.4 Dialectics 15.5 Theory of Historical Materialism 15.6 Theory of Class War 15.7 Theory of S~~rplus Value 15.8 Theo!y of Revolutioti 15.9 Dictatorship of the Proletariat, Laurie Taylor discusses Karl Marx's theory of Alienation with Philosophy Professor, Sean Sayers, political economist, Ian Fraser, and Professor of Medical Ethics, Donna Dickenson., Jun 5, 2012 · Selections 4 and 5 are seminal statements of the theory of alienation. It has been argued that this theory belongs to Marx's youth, and that it is absent from the mature economic writings. The passages excerpted from the Grundrisse in Selection 6 go against this view, as does the famous passage on commodity fetishism excerpted in Selection 7. , This essay focuses specifically on Marx’s theory of alienation, which rests on Marx’s specific claims about both economics and human nature. 1. Marx’s Analysis of Capitalism. For Marx, the idea of the means of production is a crucial economic category. The means of production include nearly everything needed to produce commodities ..., Karl Marx’s Theory of Alienation Alienation is a purely intellectual phenomenon for Hegel and Feuerbach. It is the consequence of viewing the world in an erroneous way.12 But for Karl Marx it is a material and social process. He uses the term Entfremdung (estrangement) which is his “Alienation Theory”, ABSTRACT. Alienation became a central but controversial concept in the reception and interpretation of Karl Marx’s thought after the posthumous publication of the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts in 1932. Numerous interlocutors debated the content and configuration of Marx’s concept of alienation and its relationship to G.W.F. …, CONCLUSION From the perspective of Karl Marx and within the context of capitalism, alienation is the surrender of control and the separation of an essential ..., Marx’s theory of alienation is the “form of dehumanisiation that’s created by the ‘pure’ class system of capitalism, in the mid 19th century” (Lukes, 1987). 1. The conditions of their work, for example, in the speed of the machines, in the ways their bodies have to be contorted to do that work (McLellan, 1973). 2. , Marx viewed capitalism as a living hell that chewed up human life. It was the workers’ way of knowing, their self-organisation, that interested him as it spoke to the necessity of a dual ..., Marx believed that alienation is perpetuated by the basic structures of the modern capitalist society. In the pre-capitalist world, blacksmiths were in control of their work (Rubin 7-55). They were able to determine their work schedules, the quality of their products, and their relationship with their colleagues., Discussion on alienation appears in both 'Capital' and 'Grundrisse'. Althusser, properly a Marxist scholar fully familiar with these texts, made the claim that the concept was abandoned by Marx by this point and so, for decades, Marxists have repeated the bald lie. Alienation is the beating heart of the Marxist critique, the way capitalist ..., Learn about Karl Marx and his theory of historical materialism. Discover how history, according to Marx, goes through certain progressions based on economic conditions. Updated: 01/30/2022, Discussion on alienation appears in both 'Capital' and 'Grundrisse'. Althusser, properly a Marxist scholar fully familiar with these texts, made the claim that the concept was abandoned by Marx by this point and so, for decades, Marxists have repeated the bald lie. Alienation is the beating heart of the Marxist critique, the way capitalist ..., Karl Marx’s Theory of Alienation-Roudro Mukhopadhyay ABSTRACT Alienation is characterized as alienated labour. The alienated labour in Karl Marx's Manuscripts refers to forced and involuntary labour in which the worker finds no purpose, no pleasure or contentment, no needs fulfilment, no independence or power, no mental growth or physical, Marx's Theory of Ecological Sustainability as a Nature-Imposed ... are to be found in the work of Karl Marx. Marx's analysis of the crisis of the earth (or soil) ... emancipation as a transcendence of alienation (or the negation of the negation). For Marx, as Paul Sweezy (1970) has written, 'The specific historical (i.e., transitory) ..., UPSC SOCIOLOGY – Paper 1 – SOCIOLOGICAL THINKERS – Karl Marx- Historical materialism, mode of production, alienation, class struggle. Class is central concept in Marx’s writing to understand society as a whole. Class results from the relations of production which creates different positions. “A group of people sharing the same …, The idea was formulated in Karl Marx’s early writing that coincided with the Industrial Revolution when the “agrarian, handicraft economy” was being replaced by “industry machine manufacture”. Marx saw work as a meansfor people to express themselves creatively and central to human nature. Prior to industrialization, work was more ..., The ‘base-superstructure’ metaphor has caused much controversy in Marxist circles. Some argue that Marx means by this that ‘the economy’ determines other spheres of life. Specifically, this usually means productive technology. These authors say argue in favor of technological determinism: technology determines social relations., Alienation and Human Flourishing. 2.1 The Basic Idea. 2.2 Religion and Work. 2.3 Alienation and Capitalism. 2.4 Political Emancipation. 2.5 Remaining …, Lecture 9. - Marx's Theory of Alienation. Overview. Marx begins his intellectual life as a Young Hegelian, in the company of Bruno Bauer and others. The Young Hegelians, a …, Dec 4, 2015 · Abstract. Marx's theory of alienation is of great importance to contemporary political developments, due both to the re-emergence of anti-capitalist struggle in Zapatismo, 21st Century Socialism, and the New Democracy Movement, and to the fact that the most important theorists of these movements single out Marx's theory of alienation as ... , Marxist Theory of Alienation. in Psychology, Behavioral And Social Science. Birth of Alienation Theory. Developed by Karl Marx, the Theory of Alienation or ‘Entfremdung’ posits that capitalism has distorted the …, The theory of Alienation was proposed by the German economist Karl Marx. Karl Marx was one of the greatest thinkers of all time. He is a famous advocate of communism. His main motto was to fight for the capitalists VS the working class. He founded the base of communism through his famous work “The Communist Manifesto” in 1848., Terms in this set (9) • Alienation is the effect of the ; Alienation is the product of. commodification of labour on the individual as social being; selling our labour power, • Marx argues that labor is central to. a human being's self-conception and sense of well-being. capitalism deprives human beings., Nov 1, 2021 · Understand Karl Marx's theory of alienation. Learn about the four types of alienation, Marx's depiction of human nature and criticism of his theory. Updated: 11/01/2021 Table of Contents. Marx's ... , One of the most original contributions of Marx is his Theory of Alienation. This is contained in his early work –Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts –which was written in 1843. Marx, in his Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844), severely criticized the capitalist system which deformed the productive activity of man and caused his alienation in …, Marxism, Ideology and socioeconomic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.The fundamental ideology of communism, it holds that all people are entitled to enjoy the fruits of their labour but are prevented from doing so in a capitalist economic system, which divides society into two classes: nonowning workers and nonworking owners.Marx …, Self-estrangement is the idea conceived by Karl Marx in Marx's theory of alienation and Melvin Seeman in his five logically distinct psychological states that encompasses …, Oct 11, 2023 · Key Takeaways. Karl Marx was a German philosopher who, in the 19th century, began exploring the relationship between the economy and the people who work within the economic system. The basic idea of Marx’s theory is that society is characterized by the struggle between the workers and those in charge. The workers are those of lower social ... , According to Marx’s Alienation Theory, there are four forms of alienation in labour, the first being alienation from the product of work. Marx states that when a worker is producing something for someone other than themselves, especially when they do not even know who they are producing the item for, the product often becomes alien to them. , - Marx's Theory of Alienation Overview Marx begins his intellectual life as a Young Hegelian, in the company of Bruno Bauer and others. The Young Hegelians, a radical group of scholars, intended to subject Hegel’s theories to critical scrutiny.