Journal of intercollegiate sport

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Journal of intercollegiate sport. We tested the structural relationships between stress, burnout, athletic identity, and athlete satisfaction in student athletes attending Korea’s physical education high schools and analyzed the differences between paths by ego resilience.

Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 2022, 15, 459-482 459 ... Historically, the NCAA has been the central governing body for intercollegiate sport. The NCAA serves as the athletic and academic measure for athletic programs by setting academic, experiential, and athletic requirements under the guise of amateurism and corporate ...

J.D. DeFreese, Erianne Weight, Jamie DeCicco, Aliza Nedimyer, Zachary Kerr, Kevin Carneiro, Jason Mihalik, Avinash Chandran, Transition Experiences of Former Collegiate Women’s Soccer Athletes , Journal of Intercollegiate Sport: Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021): Journal of Intercollegiate SportJournal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8, 131-152. 10.1123/jis.2014.0120 Cooper, J., & Dougherty, S. (2015). Does race still matter?: A post bowl championship series (BCS) …Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, Volume 16, 2022, Issue 3. The Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS), an open access journal supported by the University of Kansas, provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings.Cooper J. N., Nwadike A., Macaulay C. (2017). A critical race theory analysis of big-time college sports: Implications for culturally responsive and race-conscious sport leadership. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 10, 204–233.Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 7, 307– 332. Cooper, J. N., Porter, C. J., Daivs, T. J. (2017). Success through community cultural wealth: Reflection from black female college athletes at a historically Black college/university (HBCU) and a Historically White Institution (HWI). Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 10, 129 – 156.Further, we challenge those in the field to engage with the work conducted in sport specific journals (e.g., Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, Journal of Athlete Development and Experience, Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics) given their significant contributions to this still-growing body of literature. In doing so, scholars can ...The public popularity of these intercollegiate athletic events introduced the commercialization of college sports. Much as is the official attitude today, the athletes were expected to be detached from any profit and compete for the pureness of sport between gentlemen. Walter Camp wrote in 1893, “A gentleman does not make his living, however ...Student-athletes have to balance their sport, academic, and social lives during the transition to college and parent involvement is an integral, but potentially problematic, aspect of this transition. The present study investigated how key parent involvement factors may be associated with positive developmental outcomes in NCAA Division I student-athletes.

There is a commonly held belief within the intercollegiate athletics community that student-athletes perform better academically during their season of athletics competition than they do outside the season of competition. The thought is that the structured nature of the playing season leads to more structure in student-athletes’ academic lives and better academic …Home / Archives / Vol. 16 No. 2 (2023): Journal of Intercollegiate Sport / Articles Examining Associations of Coping Strategies with Stress, Alcohol, and Substance use among College Athletes: Implications for Improving Athlete CopingThe Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS), an open access journal supported by the University of Kansas, provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings. This interdisciplinary journal publishes articles from the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professional fields, providing a complete look at all factors …One great way to learn more about yourself is to write your thoughts in a journal. If you're not sure where to start, these prompts (and tips!) could help. Your journal creates an opportunity to reconnect with yourself and explore difficult...In today’s fast-paced world, staying informed about the latest happenings is essential. One of the most reliable sources of news is live TV. With the advent of technology, broadcast journalism has evolved to keep up with the demands of an e...The Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS) provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings.This interdisciplinary journal publishes articles from the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professional fields, providing a complete look at all factors affecting intercollegiate sport.Within the specific context of intercollegiate sport injury, my answer to this question relates to two salient themes that emerged for me in reaction to Zernicke et al.’s (2009) paper: first, that one must consider multiple dimensions of athlete health to fully grasp the compatibility of excellence and health, and second, that one must consider the full …

The Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS), an open access journal supported by the University of Kansas, provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings. The Forum Editor's pick from the current issue: The Relationship between Academic Clustering and Athletic Academic Support Center Reporting Lines in NCAA FBS Programs by Jim Watkins ...For over a century, the Wall Street Journal has been a trusted source of financial news and analysis. Founded in 1889 by Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser, the newspaper quickly established itself as a go-to source for bus...Feb 26, 2021 · In fall 2018, 81 intercollegiate athletes participated in Fair Play: Sexual Violence Prevention for Athletes. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the Fair Play curriculum and facilitation, specifically learning if athletes’ attitudes toward women and/or rape myth acceptance changed as a result of their participation in Fair Play. The Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS) provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings. This interdisciplinary journal publishes articles from the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professional fields, providing a complete look at all factors affecting intercollegiate sport.

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Sep 4, 2021 · Kwon, H., & Trail, G. (2001). Sport fan motivation: A comparison of American students and international students. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 10(3), 147-155. Lapchick, R. (2010). The effect of the economic downturn on college athletes and athletic departments on issues of diversity and inclusion. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3(1), 81-95. total number of injuries per sport (p = .11). Rotator cuff tendonitis and subacro-mial impingement syndrome were the most common shoulder injuries reported for each of the five sports. There are more than 157,000 student-athletes competing in NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletics with over 33,000 of these athletes participating in over-Barbara Osborne (J.D., Boston College, U.S.) is a Professor and Coordinator for the Graduate Program in the Sport Administration specialization at The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a joint appointment at the School of Law. Prior to her appointment at UNC in 1998, she worked for 14 years as an athletics administrator in intercollegiate athletics.The present study offers a descriptive history of the football grounds at Baylor from 1894 to 2014. The current review identifies important individuals and notable events that impacted the football facilities at Baylor. Moreover, the contextual factors influencing each period of change were recognized, and it was determined if Baylor’s facilities followed the pattern …2023 Intercollegiate Athletics Forum; 2024 Tech Week; 2024 SBA Tech Awards; 2024 CAA World Congress of Sports; 2024 Sports Business Awards ... a …

First, although elements of the student athlete experience have been studied in the sport management literature (Cole & Martin, 2018; Fransen et al., 2020; Gearity & Murray, 2011; Lopez et al., 2020), we are unaware of any publications in the mainstream business ethics literature that examine the intercollegiate athletics system as a setting …Osborne is with the Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC. ... Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 7(2), 143–152 ...The purpose of this paper is to introduce the work included in the special issue: Creating Social Change in and Through Intercollegiate Sport. In doing so, the author develops a multilevel conceptual model, demonstrating how the research included in the special issue addresses the antecedents and outcomes of social change initiatives in …Journal of Sport Management 31 (3), 229-240. , 2017. 210. 2017. Examining the influence of transformational leadership, organizational commitment, job embeddedness, and job search behaviors on turnover intentions in intercollegiate athletics. J Welty Peachey, L J. Burton, J E. Wells. Leadership & organization development journal 35 (8), 740-755.management positions in college sport programs at these institutions (Shropshire, 1996; Smith, 2007). For example, although African Americans are well represented today as athletes on intercollegiate football and basketball teams, African Americans are grossly underrepresented as athletic administrators and head football coachesThe Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS) provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings.This interdisciplinary journal publishes articles from the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professional fields, providing a complete look at all factors affecting intercollegiate sport.Dec 1, 2012 · The purpose of this study was to examine adversarial growth in a sample of Division I NCAA athletes. Male and female athletes (n = 214) from three universities completed the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory from the perspective of an adversity experienced as a college athlete. The sport of American football was invented in New Brunswick, N.J., on Nov. 6, 1869. Players from Princeton and Rutgers Universities participated in an intercollegiate contest that closely resembled a soccer-style game, according to the His...Dec 2, 2021 · During his NCAA presidency, Myles Brand led novel academic reforms that gained deserved national recognition, but his defense of the educational and academic value of IA should be equally acknowledged since this was, for Brand, the ultimate reason why universities should support intercollegiate athletics (IA) in the first place. Collegiate athletes’ use and perceptions of institutional sources of support for role-related stressors. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, 33(1), 125-147. Hazzaa, R., Sonkeng, K., & Yoh, T. (2018). Antecedents and consequences of student athletes’ contentment with academic services. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 11(1), 65-81.The Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS) provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings.This interdisciplinary journal publishes articles from the sciences, social sciences, humanities, and professional fields, providing a complete look at all factors affecting intercollegiate sport. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise is an Open Access online journal, which publishes research articles, reviews and letters in all areas of sport sciences.

Concluding remarks for this special issue of the Journal of Intercollegiate Sport on Ethical Leadership in Intercollegiate Sport note the numerous breaches of ethical and moral behavior in a physical and personal space that have the poten-tial to develop character, moral development, self-efficacy, respect, and personal honorable significance.

Sep 8, 2020 · Academic and athletic identities are related to performance and wellbeing indicators in both the educational and sport domains, respectively. This paper presents a systematic literature review examining empirical research into the academic and athletic identities of student-athletes in dual (education and sport) careers. Journal of Sport Management 31 (3), 229-240. , 2017. 210. 2017. Examining the influence of transformational leadership, organizational commitment, job embeddedness, and job search behaviors on turnover intentions in intercollegiate athletics. J Welty Peachey, L J. Burton, J E. Wells. Leadership & organization development journal 35 (8), 740-755.Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2010, 3, 213-233 ... who aspire to play intercollegiate do less to academically prepare for college (Knight Foundation, 2001). ... commitments” to sport by thinking and talking about it even when not practicing or performing (Alder & Alder, 1991). Student-athletes also miss a significant amountDec 1, 2016 · In the sport industry, one thing that is constant is change. Since numerous forces may drive and guide the change process, the goal of this study was to examine ethical leadership, transparency, and organizational justice during an organizational change of a consolidating National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I men’s and women’s athletic department. Intercollegiate Athletics, 2001), a worrisome reality for many programs prioritiz-ing winning at all costs. Wolverton (2008) suggests that the academic spending boom is a combination of reduced admissions standards for prospective athletes coupled with more stringent National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) academic-progress requirements.Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics 2019; 12: 87–113. Google Scholar. 18. ... The level of mental health literacy among athletic staff in intercollegiate sport. J Clin Sport Psychol 2019; 13: 440–450. Crossref. Google Scholar. Cite article Cite article. Cite article COPY CITATION . OR.Collegiate student athletes are faced with unique challenges as they are often forced to negotiate between demanding social, athletic, and academic roles. These competing priorities can put student athletes at greater risk for experiencing physical and psychological health problems than their non-athlete peers.A framework for the analysis of strategic approaches employed by non-profit sport organizations in seeking corporate sponsorship. Sport Management Review, 4, 21–45. Bopp, T., & Sagas, M. (2012). An examination of African American NCAA DI-FBS football coaches: a five-year update. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 5, 153–169.Burton LJ, Welty-peachey J. Transition of the Journal of Intercollegiate Sport. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport. 2019;12(1):1. doi: 10.17161/jis.v12i1.11639The purpose of the current study was to investigate the coverage (advertisement, article, multimedia, and photograph) provided to similar sport teams on intercollegiate athletic websites during an academic year. Despite the fact that women’s softball teams consistently received less coverage than men’s baseball teams, the results ...

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Most read articles by the same author(s) Emily J. Andrassy, Per Svensson, Jennifer Bruening, Matt R. Huml, Michael Chung, The Role of Organizational Capacity in Student-Athlete Development , Journal of Intercollegiate Sport: Vol. 7 No. 2 (2014): Journal of Intercollegiate SportDespite an increase in participation rates among girls and women across all levels of sport, women are still underrepresented in leadership positions. Less than 10% of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Athletic Directors (ADs) are female. The current study examined the supports and barriers of 10 NCAA Division I …We tested the structural relationships between stress, burnout, athletic identity, and athlete satisfaction in student athletes attending Korea’s physical education high schools and analyzed the differences between paths by ego resilience.Home / Archives / Vol. 16 No. 2 (2023): Journal of Intercollegiate Sport / Articles Examining Associations of Coping Strategies with Stress, Alcohol, and Substance use among College Athletes: Implications for Improving Athlete CopingThe immense pressure faced by college student-athletes to balance participation in sports with other responsibilities can contribute to unhealthy coping behaviors including alcohol and drug use. We administered online surveys to 188 college student-athletes to examine stress, athletics-related anxiety, and perceived control of stress as predictors of binge drinking, substance use, and ...Sep 8, 2020 · Abstract. Academic and athletic identities are related to performance and wellbeing indicators in both the educational and sport domains, respectively. This paper presents a systematic literature ... Title IX and Its Future in Shaping Inclusive Excellence in College Sport.Dr. Bass has published in journals such as Sport Management Review, Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, the International Journal of Sport Management, the International Sport Coaching Journal, Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, Cultural Studies-Critical Methodologies, and the Journal of Applied Sport Management.Sep 4, 2021 · Kwon, H., & Trail, G. (2001). Sport fan motivation: A comparison of American students and international students. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 10(3), 147-155. Lapchick, R. (2010). The effect of the economic downturn on college athletes and athletic departments on issues of diversity and inclusion. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 3(1), 81-95. Jul 12, 2017 · Journal of Intercollegiate Sport The growth and popularity of eSports cannot be understated. The domain has become so mainstream that colleges and universities are rapidly beginning to launch eSports programs within their athletics departments. ….

The present study offers a descriptive history of the football grounds at Baylor from 1894 to 2014. The current review identifies important individuals and notable events that impacted the football facilities at Baylor. Moreover, the contextual factors influencing each period of change were recognized, and it was determined if Baylor’s facilities followed the pattern …Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2023, 161 httpsdoiorg1017161isv16i119509 2023 the Authors This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Examining the Ability of Title IX to Provide Equitable Participation Opportunities for Black Women College Athletes Bush , A. , Anderson , E. and Carr , S. in press . The declining existence of men's homophobia in organized university sport . Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, [Google Scholar] Connell , R. W. 1987 . Gender and power, Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press . [Google Scholar]Student-athlete school selection: A family systems theory approach. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 8, 266-286. Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63–75. Sherter, A. (2013, March 19). State funding cuts slam public colleges.Leading Student-Athletes to Success Beyond the Field: Assessing the Role of Leadership in Adopting High Impact Practices in Intercollegiate Athletics. Jessica …Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics 2019; 12: 87–113. Google Scholar. 18. ... The level of mental health literacy among athletic staff in intercollegiate sport. J Clin Sport Psychol 2019; 13: 440–450. Crossref. Google Scholar. Cite article Cite article. Cite article COPY CITATION . OR.JN Cooper, B Hawkins. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 7 (1), 80-104. , 2014. 93. 2014. Personal troubles and public issues: A sociological imagination of Black athletes’ experiences at predominantly White institutions in the United States. JN Cooper. Sociology Mind 2 (03), 261. , 2012. student-athletes across sports played, gender, race, and pre-college academic ability. We are not the first to study the academic effects of intercollegiate sports participation. Maloney and McCormick [1993] utilize OLS estimation techniques on data obtained from a single public university, estimating the impact of sports participation on ...Oct 23, 2023 · Journal of Intercollegiate Sport. 1941-6342 (Print) / 1941-417X (Online) Website. ISSN Portal. About. Articles. 10 hours ago · A Super Conference with centralized revenue sharing, broadcast contracts and competition makes too much sense to ignore. Two West Coast teams don’t belong … Journal of intercollegiate sport, Journal of Intercollegiate Sport Vol. 2 No. 2 (2009) Journal of Intercollegiate Sport Vol. 2 No. 1 (2009) Journal of Intercollegiate Sport Vol. 1 No. 2 (2008) ... , Concluding remarks for this special issue of the Journal of Intercollegiate Sport on Ethical Leadership in Intercollegiate Sport note the numerous breaches of ethical and moral behavior in a physical and personal space that have the poten-tial to develop character, moral development, self-efficacy, respect, and personal honorable significance. , There is a commonly held belief within the intercollegiate athletics community that student-athletes perform better academically during their season of athletics competition than they do outside the season of competition. The thought is that the structured nature of the playing season leads to more structure in student-athletes’ academic lives and better academic …, Home / Archives / Vol. 16 No. 2 (2023): Journal of Intercollegiate Sport / Articles Examining Associations of Coping Strategies with Stress, Alcohol, and Substance use among College Athletes: Implications for Improving Athlete Coping, Neag School of Education 249 Glenbrook Road, Unit 3064 Charles B. Gentry Building Storrs, CT 06269-3064. 860-486-3815 [email protected], Nicholas Swim, Robert Turick, Yannick Kluch, Raquel Wright-Mair, Navigating the Intersection of COVID-19 and (Re)new(ed) Calls for Racial Justice: A Qualitative Examination of the Experiences of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Professionals in College Athletics During A Year of “Social Justice Awakening” , Journal of Intercollegiate Sport ..., lege sports reform – either marketize college sports or improve the education (Gur- ney et al., 2017) – but I and others (e.g., Meyer & Zimbalist, 2020) believe that both, Inequality in Intercollegiate Athletics 7 At a special summer convention in 1973, the Association moved to placate the big-time colleges by breaking into three divisions. Each division would oper-ate with significant autonomy, setting its own policies with regard to scholarship limits or number of coaches per sport., The Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS) provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings. This interdisciplinary …, Available research for esports is commonly found in journals focused on sports management (Reitman et al., 2020) examining the topic from the perspective of business and media with little focus on ..., In the world of academia, academic journal articles are considered the gold standard for scholarly research. These articles are written by experts in their respective fields and undergo a rigorous peer-review process before being published., were significantly more likely to coach less prestigious sports for men, which have lower status and power within collegiate athletics (i.e., individual sports compared with team sports). Another researcher (Staurowsky, 1990) examined women coaching boys at the high school level and interviewed female coaches of traditional all-male sports, Vol. 15 No. 2 (2022): Journal of Intercollegiate Sport / Articles Leading Student-Athletes to Success Beyond the Field: Assessing the Role of Leadership in Adopting High Impact Practices in Intercollegiate Athletics ... Assessing the Role of Leadership in Adopting High Impact Practices in Intercollegiate Athletics. Journal of …, The Wall Street Journal is one of the most respected and widely read financial publications in the world. It offers a wealth of information about business, finance, and the economy. For those who want to access this valuable resource, it’s ..., Understanding why individuals engage in sport corruption is an emerging topic of research. Micro-level accounts of corruption have generally used a single disciplinary approach toward understanding why actors commit corruption (e.g., doping and match-fixing) in specific sports. The purpose of this study was to first examine individual-level …, The sport of American football was invented in New Brunswick, N.J., on Nov. 6, 1869. Players from Princeton and Rutgers Universities participated in an intercollegiate contest that closely resembled a soccer-style game, according to the His..., American collegiate sport participation has been linked with psychosocial and career-related benefits as well as with mental and physical health risks, with extant research on this topic revealing mixed results. The study purpose was, informed by the Health through Sport Conceptual Model, to describe and compare associations among …, total number of injuries per sport (p = .11). Rotator cuff tendonitis and subacro-mial impingement syndrome were the most common shoulder injuries reported for each of the five sports. There are more than 157,000 student-athletes competing in NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletics with over 33,000 of these athletes participating in over-, One barrier is a persistent belief in popular literature that athletes can use pregnancy and/or abortion to enhance competitive performance; i.e., as a form of prohibited blood doping. The scientific and nonscientific resources on pregnancy and abortion doping have considerably diverged over the past 20 years. The purposes of this paper were to ..., JN Cooper, B Hawkins. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 7 (1), 80-104. , 2014. 93. 2014. Personal troubles and public issues: A sociological imagination of Black athletes’ experiences at predominantly White institutions in the United States. JN Cooper. Sociology Mind 2 (03), 261. , 2012., Despite an increase in participation rates among girls and women across all levels of sport, women are still underrepresented in leadership positions. Less than 10% of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Athletic Directors (ADs) are female. The current study examined the supports and barriers of 10 NCAA Division I …, Dec 2, 2021 · (2006a, Jan. 7). The Principles of Intercollegiate Athletics [State of the Association speech] NCAA Convention, Indianapolis, IN. Brand, Myles. (2006b). The Role and Value of Intercollegiate Athletics in Universities. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 33(1), 9-20. Brand, Myles. (2008, August 20). Pay for Play is Fine—But Not in College Sports. , Hampton, VA, 23368. [email protected]. 757-632-8152. W. Timothy Orr is an Assistant Professor and Program Coordinator of the Sports Administration Graduate Program at Hampton University in Hampton, VA. His research interests focus on Intercollegiate Athletic Administration and student-athlete academic success. , Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M. (2009). Sport Injury and College Athlete Health across the Lifespan. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1123 ..., Countertransference happens to nearly all therapists. But there are steps you can take to minimize its frequency. Countertransference doesn’t make you a bad therapist. Once you understand it, you can use it to help your client move forward...., Miller (2022), in a paper published in the Journal of Intercollegiate Sport titled “The Centerpiece of College Athletics:” Prioritizing Education in the College Sports Reform Movement,” proposed “concrete and specific reforms that would more sufficiently compensate the professional role revenue-generating college athletes perform ..., Mar 7, 2021 · The Journal of Intercollegiate Sport (JIS), an open access journal supported by the University of Kansas, provides an exciting forum for research specifically addressing sport in college and university settings. The Forum Editor’s pick from the current issue: THE CIRCLE OF UNITY: THE POWER OF SYMBOLS IN A TEAM SPORT CONTEXT by Brendan O'Hallarn, Craig A. Morehead, Mark A. Slavich, Alicia M ... , International Scientific Journal & Country Ranking. SCImago Institutions Rankings SCImago Media Rankings SCImago Iber SCImago Research Centers Ranking SCImago Graphica, Bush , A. , Anderson , E. and Carr , S. in press . The declining existence of men's homophobia in organized university sport . Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, [Google Scholar] Connell , R. W. 1987 . Gender and power, Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press . [Google Scholar], Jul 12, 2017 · Journal of Intercollegiate Sport The growth and popularity of eSports cannot be understated. The domain has become so mainstream that colleges and universities are rapidly beginning to launch eSports programs within their athletics departments. , 4 hours ago · Record crowd expected for Game Changers tomorrow, virtual registration still available. 10.23.2023. More than 450 Advocates of women in sports will gather …, Journal of Intercollegiate Sport, 2023, 161 httpsdoiorg1017161isv16i119509 2023 the Authors This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Examining the Ability of Title IX to Provide Equitable Participation Opportunities for Black Women College Athletes, The purpose of this paper was to discuss the NCAA and its member institutions’ exploitation of student-athletes. Amateurism and exploitation were defined …