History of the classical period

composition. In musical composition: The Classical period. The Classical era in music is compositionally defined by the balanced eclecticism of the late 18th- and early 19th-century Viennese “school” of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert, who completely absorbed and individually fused or transformed the vast array of 18th-century ...

History of the classical period. The period known as classical antiquity lasted roughly 1500 years, from 1000 BCE to 450 CE. As a result, many innovations in the classical style of visual art developed during this time. One of the most significant innovations of the classical style belongs to Greek sculpture.

Jun 7, 2021 · The Classical period, though, is a specific era in music history that spanned much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Musicologists and casual music fans use the general term "classical music" to describe the work of composers ranging from J.S. Bach to Igor Stravinsky to Philip Glass.

Classical architecture, architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, especially from the 5th century bce in Greece to the 3rd century ce in Rome, that emphasized the column and pediment. Greek architecture was based chiefly on the post-and-beam system, with columns carrying the load. Timber. Transitioning from the Romantic Period. The 20th century period of music, as its name suggests, began around 1900. It is the last of the six periods of classical music eras and comes after the romantic era that ended around 1910AD. Medieval era (500-1400AD) Renaissance era (1400-1600AD) Baroque era (1600-1750AD) Classical era (1730-1820AD)Classical antiquity, historical period spanning from the output of ancient Greek author Homer in the 8th century bce to the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century ce.There are many ways to calculate annual dividends from past periods. The calculation is simple but depends much on industry trends. Dividend history can be used to project future dividends and thus help forecast stock prices. Investors shou...A brief history of the classical period. This era of time is titled ‘classical’ as the art and literature of the time had a huge interest and admiration for the classic artistic and literary heritage of Greece and Rome. This time in history was also often labelled the age of enlightenment. This was a philosophical movement where people ...The idea of a Hellenistic period is a 19th-century concept, and did not exist in ancient Greece.Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was Johann Gustav Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus …Renaissance (1400-1600) The initial move was to smooth out elements that had become prominent in the late medieval style. In particular this meant simplifying some of the rhythms. However, this provided a more flowing style and in many ways added to a more focused rhythm that moved more towards the end of the piece.Classical antiquity, era, or period is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (eighth-seventh century B.C.E.), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (fifth century C.E.), ending in the dissolution of classical culture with the ...

The “Early Classical Period” (480/479–450 B.C.E.) was a period of transition when some sculptural work displayed archaizing holdovers alongside the so-called “Severe Style.” As can be seen in the Kritios Boy, c. 480 B.C.E., the “Severe Style” features realistic anatomy, serious expressions, pouty lips, and thick eyelids. Etymology The word classics is derived from the Latin adjective classicus, meaning "belonging to the highest class of citizens." The word was originally used to describe the members of the Patricians, the highest class in …Renaissance Art. Known as the Renaissance, the period immediately following the Middle Ages in Europe saw a great revival of interest in the classical learning and values of ancient Greece and ...Human history is the narrative of humankind 's past. Modern humans evolved in Africa c. 300,000 years ago and initially lived as hunter-gatherers. They migrated out of Africa during the Last Glacial Period (Ice Age) and had populated most of the Earth by the time the Ice Age ended 12,000 years ago. The Agricultural Revolution began soon ...The Classical Period (ca. 1750–1820 AD) The Romantic Era (ca. 1820–1900 AD) The Twentieth Century (1900–2000 AD) It is useful to note that although the era of Western music around the 18th century is called the classical period, Western art music as a whole started being referred to as classical music since the beginning of the 19th century. In Western painting: Classical period (c. 500–323 bc) The Early Classical period is deemed to have begun after Athens’ double defeat of the Persian invaders in 490 and 479 bc, but a new feeling of self-confidence was already in the air about 500…Classical art, or Classicism, refers to artwork that draws inspiration from ancient Roman or ancient Greek culture, architecture, literature, and art. Classicism was most popular in Western art during the Renaissance period and often depicted scenes from mythology through painting, sculpture, and printmaking.The history of ancient Greek literature may be divided into three periods: Archaic (to the end of the 6th century bc); Classical (5th and 4th centuries bc); and Hellenistic and Greco-Roman (3rd century bc onward). Archaic period, to the end of the 6th century bc

Jelly roll is a classic dessert that has been a staple in American homes for generations. It’s a sweet, rolled cake filled with jelly or jam and dusted with powdered sugar. The origin of the jelly roll can be traced back to Europe in the 19...Jun 7, 2021 · 5 Characteristics of Medieval Music. As the earliest form of classical music, Medieval music is characterized by the following attributes: 1. Monophony: Until the late Medieval period, most Medieval music took the form of monophonic chant. When extra voices were added, they moved in parallel motion to the main voice, unlike the counterpoint ... Classical art, or Classicism, refers to artwork that draws inspiration from ancient Roman or ancient Greek culture, architecture, literature, and art. Classicism was most popular in Western art during the Renaissance period and often depicted scenes from mythology through painting, sculpture, and printmaking.11 de ago. de 2014 ... The most famous Classical era composers were (Franz) Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Simplicity and clarity ...The Classical Period produced some of the most influential thoughts and creations of ancient Greek culture. Breakthroughs in math, medicine, history, and philosophy occurred alongside massive ...The “Early Classical Period” (480/479–450 B.C.E.) was a period of transition when some sculptural work displayed archaizing holdovers alongside the so-called “Severe Style.” As can be seen in the Kritios Boy, c. 480 B.C.E., the “Severe Style” features realistic anatomy, serious expressions, pouty lips, and thick eyelids.

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Human history is the narrative of humankind's past. Modern humans evolved in Africa c. 300,000 years ago and initially lived as hunter-gatherers.They migrated out of Africa during the Last Glacial Period (Ice Age) and had populated most of the Earth by the time the Ice Age ended 12,000 years ago.. The Agricultural Revolution began soon afterwards in …The Architecture of Classical Greece. The most noteworthy result of Pericles’ public-works campaign was the magnificent Parthenon, a temple in honor of the city’s patron goddess Athena. The ...The Parthenon, in Athens, a temple to Athena. Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece, marked by much of the eastern Aegean and northern regions of Greek culture (such as Ionia and Macedonia) gaining increased autonomy from the Persian Empire; the peak flourishing of democratic Athens; the First and Second Peloponnesian Wars; the ... After Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium (now called Istanbul in Turkey) in 330 CE, Roman architecture evolved into a graceful, classically-inspired style that used brick instead of stone, domed roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical forms. Emperor Justinian (527 to 565) led the way.History of Music. Influences from the west to the east merged into the pre-Christian music of the Greeks and later the Romans. Musical practices and conventions perhaps conveyed by travelling musicians brought a wealth of diversity and invention. Surviving Greek notation from this period of musical history has given scientists and …The “Early Classical Period” (480/479–450 B.C.E.) was a period of transition when some sculptural work displayed archaizing holdovers alongside the so-called “Severe Style.” As can be seen in the Kritios Boy, c. 480 B.C.E., the “Severe Style” features realistic anatomy, serious expressions, pouty lips, and thick eyelids.

11 de ago. de 2014 ... The most famous Classical era composers were (Franz) Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven. Simplicity and clarity ...From Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins. During the Middle Ages, a period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made ...The term, usually spelled “classical,” is also used for the literature of any language in a period notable for the excellence and enduring quality of its writers’ works. In ancient Greece such a period extended from about 500 to 320 bce. The Golden Age of Rome ran from about 70 bce to 18 ce. French literature of the second half of the ...The ancient historic period of Egypt and Sumer started about 3100 B.C.E.; perhaps a couple of hundred years later writing began in the Indus Valley. Somewhat later (c. 1650 B.C.E.) were the Minoans whose Linear A has not yet been deciphered. Earlier, in 2200, there was a hieroglyphic language in Crete.The building itself was constructed entirely of marble and richly embellished with sculpture, some of the finest examples of the high Classical style of the mid-fifth century B.C. Its sculptural decoration has had a major impact on other works of art, from its own day to the present ( 27.45 ). The ancient historic period of Egypt and Sumer started about 3100 B.C.E.; perhaps a couple of hundred years later writing began in the Indus Valley. Somewhat later (c. 1650 B.C.E.) were the Minoans whose Linear A has not yet been deciphered. Earlier, in 2200, there was a hieroglyphic language in Crete.Predynastic Period (c. 5000-3100 B.C.) ... who ruled from 2589 to 2566 B.C., the pyramid was later named by classical ... The 13th dynasty marked the beginning of another unsettled period in ...The Classical period was an era of classical music between roughly 1750 and 1820. [1] The Classical period falls between the Baroque and the Romantic periods. Classical music has a lighter, clearer texture than Baroque music, but a more varying use of musical form, which is, in simpler terms, the rhythm and organization of any given piece of music.The Classical era, also known as Classical antiquity, began roughly around 600 B.C. in most of the world. It marked the beginning of a philosophical period in world …The idea of a Hellenistic period is a 19th-century concept, and did not exist in ancient Greece.Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. Hellenist (Ancient Greek: Ἑλληνιστής, Hellēnistēs), have been attested since ancient times, it was Johann Gustav Droysen in the mid-19th century, who in his classic work Geschichte des Hellenismus …

Feb 3, 2023 · Classical antiquity is a period of history that focuses on the cultures of Greece and Rome from approximately the 8th century BCE to the 5th century CE. Hence, this period is also known as the ...

In this period , direct democracy was born, Roman law was founded , but the greatest empires in history also prevailed. Throughout the period, the tensions between republic and monarchy , or between democracy and autocracy, were constant . During Classical Greece, in addition, great policy treatises were composed, such as Plato's Republic .Feb 12, 2020 · The ancient historic period of Egypt and Sumer started about 3100 B.C.E.; perhaps a couple of hundred years later writing began in the Indus Valley. Somewhat later (c. 1650 B.C.E.) were the Minoans whose Linear A has not yet been deciphered. Earlier, in 2200, there was a hieroglyphic language in Crete. Sep 20, 2021 · T hroughout history, architecture has been greatly influenced by the styles of the ancient Romans and Greeks, which we collectively refer to as Classical architecture. The style first originated in Greece in the fifth century BCE, and the Classical period in Rome in the third century CE. Throughout the centuries, whenever architects have come ... In Western painting: Classical period (c. 500–323 bc) The Early Classical period is deemed to have begun after Athens’ double defeat of the Persian invaders in 490 and 479 bc, but a new feeling of self-confidence was already in the air about 500…Jelly roll is a classic dessert that has been a staple in American homes for generations. It’s a sweet, rolled cake filled with jelly or jam and dusted with powdered sugar. The origin of the jelly roll can be traced back to Europe in the 19...Are you a history buff looking to explore the world of history? Now, with live TV channel streaming, you can access a variety of history-focused channels from around the world. From documentaries to classic films, there is something for eve...cultural development of Mesoamerica. …known to archaeologists as the Classic Period of Mayan culture lasted until about 900 ce. At its height, Mayan civilization consisted of more than 40 cities, each with a population between 5,000 and 50,000. Among the principal cities were Tikal, Uaxactún, Copán, Bonampak, Dos Pilas, Calakmul, Palenque ...May 13, 2021 · The History of Moonlight Sonata. Western Classical music era, which was between 1730 and 1820, was characterized by a distinctive music style, with a touch of romance and an aesthetic attitude, despite the politics in that era. The most common form of music was the Sonata. Its structural pattern formed a basis for most classical instrumental music. Classical antiquity, era, or period is a broad term for a long period of cultural history centered on the Mediterranean Sea, which begins roughly with the earliest-recorded Greek poetry of Homer (eighth-seventh century B.C.E.), and continues through the rise of Christianity and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (fifth century C.E.), ending in the dissolution of classical culture with the ... Basically, when it comes down to it, the Classical period is the sound of delicate order gradually being taken over by emotion and indulgence. As time went on and musical experiments started to succeed, the sound got more and more Romantic – leading perfectly into the Romantic period that followed. Where the music of the Baroque period …

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Abstract ‘History, genre, text’ introduces this overview of classical literature, a period spanning over 1,200 years (c.750 bc to ad 500) and explains how these texts survived to this day.The conventional periodization of classical literature — archaic, classical, Hellenistic, and imperial for Greek literature; Republican and imperial for Latin — mirrors the familiar …This period lays the foundation for much of civilization as we know it today. The classical Greeks lay the cultural foundation for Western civilization. The Achaemenid Persians under Cyrus unify much of the Middle East and Egypt. Alexander the Great unifies Greece with Persia. Later, the Roman Empire dominates the Mediterranean and Europe.One of those times was music's Classical Period, a part of music history that lasted from the mid-18th century to the early 19th century. During the Classical Period, music wasn't the only art ...Everything we play on Classic FM is 'classical music', music that's distinct from pop, jazz, or folk music. But the Classical era in the history of music specifically refers to the period when composers such as Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven were active, championing the symphony, composing comic operas, and developing the piano sonata.Ideological origins (from left to right) Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven from the 1904 Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial. All three are often considered part of the First Viennese School, and among the first composers to be referred to as "Classical".Classical art, or Classicism, refers to artwork that draws inspiration from ancient Roman or ancient Greek culture, architecture, literature, and art. Classicism was most popular in Western art during the Renaissance period and often depicted scenes from mythology through painting, sculpture, and printmaking.Persian Wars. Led by Athens and Sparta, the Greek city-states were …Classical Music Eras: A History of Classical Music. The term “classical music" describes orchestral music, chamber music, choral music, and solo performance pieces, yet within this broad genre, several distinct periods exist. Each classical era has its own characteristics that distinguish it from classical music at large. The term ...The longest classical music era, the medieval period, lasted from 500-1400AD. Because it was so long, music historians split into three sub-periods: the early medieval period (500-1150), the high medieval period (1150-1300), and the late medieval period (1300-1400).History of Greece: Classical Greece. The flurry of development and expansion of the Archaic Era was followed by the period of maturity we came to know as “Classical Greece”. Between 480 and until 323 BCE Athens and Sparta dominated the Hellenic world with their cultural and military achievements. These two cities, with the involvement of ...T hroughout history, architecture has been greatly influenced by the styles of the ancient Romans and Greeks, which we collectively refer to as Classical architecture. The style first originated in Greece in the fifth century BCE, and the Classical period in Rome in the third century CE. Throughout the centuries, whenever architects have come ...The Classical period. The Classical era in music is compositionally defined by the balanced eclecticism of the late 18th- and early 19th-century Viennese “school” of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert, who completely absorbed and individually fused or transformed the vast array of 18th-century textures and formal types. ….

Classical Period Music: Beginner’s Guide, Part 1 and Part 2; This video series goes into depth on the classical period in music, the influential composers from this time, and genres and instruments that were popular. A brief history of the opera, part 1; Opera was a big part of the baroque era, so it seemed important to plant this video here.Jun 7, 2021 · Classical Music Eras: A History of Classical Music. The term “classical music" describes orchestral music, chamber music, choral music, and solo performance pieces, yet within this broad genre, several distinct periods exist. Each classical era has its own characteristics that distinguish it from classical music at large. The term ... The ancient historic period of Egypt and Sumer started about 3100 B.C.E.; perhaps a couple of hundred years later writing began in the Indus Valley. Somewhat later (c. 1650 B.C.E.) were the Minoans whose Linear A has not yet been deciphered. Earlier, in 2200, there was a hieroglyphic language in Crete.Bun cakes have been a beloved dessert for generations, with their moist texture and delicious flavor. This classic cake has a rich history that dates back to ancient times. Over the years, the recipe for bun cake has evolved, but its popula...2 de dez. de 2016 ... With its juxtaposed arias, canzonets and madrigals, the gynocentric and multifarious opera was the product of a historically exceptional period ...The history of medieval art can be seen as an ongoing interplay between the elements of classical, early Christian, and “barbarian” art. Apart from the formal aspects of classicism, there was a continuous tradition of realistic depiction that survived in Byzantine art of Eastern Europe throughout the period.There are many ways to calculate annual dividends from past periods. The calculation is simple but depends much on industry trends. Dividend history can be used to project future dividends and thus help forecast stock prices. Investors shou...The period known as classical antiquity lasted roughly 1500 years, from 1000 BCE to 450 CE. As a result, many innovations in the classical style of visual art developed during … History of the classical period, Transitioning from the Romantic Period. The 20th century period of music, as its name suggests, began around 1900. It is the last of the six periods of classical music eras and comes after the romantic era that ended around 1910AD. Medieval era (500-1400AD) Renaissance era (1400-1600AD) Baroque era (1600-1750AD) Classical era (1730-1820AD), Athens - Ancient, Acropolis, Democracy: The site of Athens has been inhabited since the Neolithic Period (before 3000 bce). Evidence for this has come from pottery finds on and around the Acropolis but particularly from a group of about 20 shallow wells, or pits, on the northwest slope of the Acropolis, just below the Klepsydra spring. These wells contained …, Sep 20, 2021 · T hroughout history, architecture has been greatly influenced by the styles of the ancient Romans and Greeks, which we collectively refer to as Classical architecture. The style first originated in Greece in the fifth century BCE, and the Classical period in Rome in the third century CE. Throughout the centuries, whenever architects have come ... , History of Music. Influences from the west to the east merged into the pre-Christian music of the Greeks and later the Romans. Musical practices and conventions perhaps conveyed by travelling musicians brought a wealth of diversity and invention. Surviving Greek notation from this period of musical history has given scientists and …, The Classical Period in ancient Greece produced outstanding cultural and scientific achievements. The city of Athens introduced to the world a direct Democracy political system later adopted and adjusted by western governments like Great Britain, France, and the USA a thousand years later., Hippocrates was a physician of the classical period, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. Most notably, he founded the Hippocratic school of medicine, which revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece by establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields, and making medicine a profession., Ancient Greek civilization, the period following Mycenaean civilization, which ended about 1200 BCE, to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BCE. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and …, Jan 6, 2022 · The Baroque era (c. 1600–1750) The Baroque era spans from around 1600 to 1750, and includes music by the likes of Bach, Vivaldi, Francesca Caccini, Handel and Purcell. The era was a busy time for musical development. Composers and musicians were experimenting with new musical styles and different ways to write down their music. , Classical Period (500-336 BC) - Classical period of ancient Greek history, is fixed between about 500 B. C., when the Greeks began to come into conflict with the kingdom of Persia to the east, and the death of the Macedonian king and conqueror Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. In this period Athens reached its greatest political and cultural ..., Greek art has a long history that dates back to prehistoric times. However, the Classical Greek era is divided into three primary stages of development, namely, the Archaic period (c. 650-480 BCE), the Classical period (c. 480-323 BCE), and the Hellenistic period (c. 323-27 BCE)., The building itself was constructed entirely of marble and richly embellished with sculpture, some of the finest examples of the high Classical style of the mid-fifth century B.C. Its sculptural decoration has had a major impact on other works of art, from its own day to the present ( 27.45 )., Classical antiquity, historical period spanning from the output of ancient Greek author Homer in the 8th century bce to the decline of the Roman Empire in the 5th century ce., Joseph Haydn, in full Franz Joseph Haydn, (born March 31, 1732, Rohrau, Austria—died May 31, 1809, Vienna), Austrian composer who was one of the most important figures in the development of the Classical style in music during the 18th century. He helped establish the forms and styles for the string quartet and the symphony.. Early …, Period (5th–2nd Millennium BCE) Early Harappan phase. Although the urban phase of Harappa has been dated back to 2600 BCE, excavation at Kalibangan from the early or proto-Harappan period already shows an urban development with fortification, grid layout of the city and drain system. The settlement consisted of a fortified city mostly made of mud …, Gratian has long been called the Father of Canon Law. This latest volume in the ongoing History of Medieval Canon Law series covers the period from ..., In this period , direct democracy was born, Roman law was founded , but the greatest empires in history also prevailed. Throughout the period, the tensions between republic and monarchy , or between democracy and autocracy, were constant . During Classical Greece, in addition, great policy treatises were composed, such as Plato's Republic ., T hroughout history, architecture has been greatly influenced by the styles of the ancient Romans and Greeks, which we collectively refer to as Classical architecture. The style first originated in Greece in the fifth century BCE, and the Classical period in Rome in the third century CE. Throughout the centuries, whenever architects have come ..., The Classical Period (ca. 1750–1820 AD) The Romantic Era (ca. 1820–1900 AD) The Twentieth Century (1900–2000 AD) It is useful to note that although the era of Western music around the 18th century is called the classical period, Western art music as a whole started being referred to as classical music since the beginning of the 19th century., The Dunhelm armchair is a classic piece of furniture that has been a staple in homes for generations. It’s a timeless piece that has been around since the early 1900s and is still popular today., If you have a classic car that you’re looking to sell, it’s important to approach the advertising process with care. Selling a classic car can be a unique experience, as potential buyers are often enthusiasts who appreciate the history and ..., Macedonian Expansion. At the end of the classical period, around 360 B.C., the Greek city-states were weak and disorganized from two centuries of warfare.(First the Athenians fought with the ..., History of Classical Music. Prior to the classical music period, the Baroque style was prevalent (1600 to 1750). Baroque style is known for dramatic, energetic, contrasting compositions., 5 Characteristics of Medieval Music. As the earliest form of classical music, Medieval music is characterized by the following attributes: 1. Monophony: Until the late Medieval period, most Medieval music took the form of monophonic chant. When extra voices were added, they moved in parallel motion to the main voice, unlike the counterpoint ..., Classical Music is a staple in the concert hall. Any symphony or concerto by Mozart or Haydn (and some by Beethoven) counts. Mozart’s 40th Symphony, performed by the Fulda Symphonic Orchestra Romantic Music: The Romantic period lasts from about 1800 to 1900, and some say that it marks the height of the symphony orchestra., The Classical Period. From roughly 1750 to 1820, artists, architects, and musicians moved away from the heavily ornamented styles of the Baroque and the Rococo, and instead embraced a clean, uncluttered style they thought reminiscent of Classical Greece. The newly established aristocracies were replacing monarchs and the church as patrons of ..., Athens - Ancient, Acropolis, Democracy: The site of Athens has been inhabited since the Neolithic Period (before 3000 bce). Evidence for this has come from pottery finds on and around the Acropolis but particularly from a group of about 20 shallow wells, or pits, on the northwest slope of the Acropolis, just below the Klepsydra spring. These wells contained …, The period-instrument quartet’s recording of Beethoven’s Ops 74 and 130 offers many rewards Though there’s no shortage of recordings of the Beethoven …, Prehistory generally refers to the time before writing was invented and practiced, while history typically refers to the time period after which written records still exist. However, there is no clear dividing line between the two periods., Mar 10, 2021 · Hippocrates was a physician of the classical period, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. Most notably, he founded the Hippocratic school of medicine, which revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece by establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields, and making medicine a profession. , Classical period may refer to: Classical Greece, specifically of the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Classical antiquity, in the Greco-Roman world. Classical India, a historic period …, The best-known opera of the 19th century—and possibly the most popular of all time—is French composer Georges Bizet ’s (1838–75) Carmen. It’s for good reason—the story of a Gypsy woman who values her free-spirited life above all, and the soldier who becomes obsessed with her, is packed with catchy melodies. The late 19th century was ... , From Darkness to Light: The Renaissance Begins. During the Middle Ages, a period that took place between the fall of ancient Rome in 476 A.D. and the beginning of the 14th century, Europeans made ..., The Classical Period The dates of the Classical period in Western music are generally accepted as being between about 1750 and 1820. However, the term classical music is used in a colloquial sense as a synonym for Western art music, which describes a variety of Western musical styles from the ninth century to the present, and especially from the sixteenth or seventeenth to the nineteenth.